Military & Wartime

Richmond, TX

Constantine W. Buckley came to Texas from Georgia in 1838, clerked for the Republic's State Department, and became a prominent Fort Bend County planter, lawyer, and judge. During the Civil War he served as a speaker of the Texas House through the crisis years of 1861–65, when the legislature scrambled to raise and equip 90,000 soldiers, build state arms and powder plants, tax property and produce, and aid soldiers' families as the naval blockade choked off imports. Poorly paid and living in tents on the capitol grounds, the lawmakers stayed in near-continuous session.

Crews, TX

Tucked into the West Texas ranch country of Runnels County, Content Cemetery opened in 1883 with the burial of a cowboy named James Hanna, a fitting first for a landscape then given over to cattle and open range. Among those who followed was his kinsman John A. Hanna, a Confederate veteran of the 8th Texas Cavalry in the Army of Tennessee, laid to rest in 1889 alongside siblings, in-laws, and infant grandchildren. The dozen 19th-century graves gather a single frontier family across a generation of hard living.

Morristown, NJ

Through the winter of 1779–1780, the Continental Army made its main encampment around Morristown, New Jersey — a season of brutal cold and short supplies remembered as even harsher than Valley Forge. Among the officers wintering here was Brigadier General Henry Knox, George Washington's trusted chief of artillery. This marker recalls that grim, pivotal season when the army held together against long odds.

Athens, GA

When the Civil War cut the Confederacy off from European arms, two recent English immigrants, Ferdinand and Francis Cook, set out to build the weapons the South could no longer buy. They first established their armory in New Orleans, but as Union forces closed in on that port city in 1862 they hauled the precious rifle-making machinery inland to Athens, Georgia. Here, along the Oconee River, their works turned out Enfield-pattern rifles for Confederate soldiers, making it one of the few private armories to supply the Southern war effort.

Gainesville, TX

Though Cooke County voted against secession, it became a Confederate military hub, raising nine units and living under constant threat of Federal or Indian attack along the Red River frontier. Colonel William C. Young led men to seize Indian Territory forts in 1861, and residents forted homes, made cloth and munitions, and fed the war effort with cattle, grain, and salt. Organized in 1863, the Second Frontier Regiment—"Bourland's Border Regiment" under Col. James Bourland—patrolled the border alongside Confederate Cherokee and Seminole troops and Gen. Stand Watie's brigade.

Howard County, MD

During the Gettysburg Campaign of June 1863, Confederate cavalry under General J.E.B. Stuart swept through central Maryland on the long ride that separated him from Lee's main army. At Cooksville on June 29, Stuart's troopers brushed aside a body of Maryland militia and pressed on toward Hood's Mill and Westminster. The brief clash was one of many skirmishes marking the army's march toward Pennsylvania.

Fredericksburg, VA

In 1927 Congress authorized the creation of the Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania National Military Park to preserve the ground where some of the Civil War's bloodiest fighting took place. The region around Fredericksburg saw four major battles—Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, the Wilderness, and Spotsylvania Court House—between 1862 and 1864, leaving tens of thousands of casualties. On October 19, 1928, President Calvin Coolidge personally dedicated the start of work on the memorial, marking the federal commitment to protect these hallowed grounds for future generations.

Stephenville, TX

In 1880, North Carolina native Dr. William Wallace McNeill and his wife Elizabeth Ann deeded land to the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, for a church, school, and cemetery. The burial ground is the last surviving trace of the vanished Corinth community, with an unknown number of unmarked graves from the late 1800s. Its oldest marked grave is that of Confederate soldier F. J. Simpson, who died in 1899, and later burials include twice-honored Texas State Artist Ethel Lewallen.

Linden vicinity, TX

This graveyard grew from a four-acre gift of land made by Ephraim and Mary Watson to the Corinth Baptist Church of Almira in 1876, with its earliest marked grave belonging to an infant who died in 1878. Among its marked and unmarked graves lie veterans of the Civil War through Vietnam, spanning generations of one corner of Cass County. It remained in active use into the twenty-first century.

Merkel, TX

Cornelia Fort, born into an affluent Nashville family in 1919, discovered flying at twenty-one and within a week had logged over 2,000 miles; by 1941 she was an instructor. She was aloft with a student over Hawaii when Japanese planes struck Pearl Harbor, landing safely under fire, and soon joined Nancy Harkness Love's Women's Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron. On March 21, 1943, ferrying a BT-13 in formation toward Dallas, her plane was struck and went down in Mulberry Canyon — making her, records indicate, the first American woman pilot to die on active military duty.

Liberty, TX

Cornelius De Vore, born in New Orleans in 1819, was a veteran of the Battle of San Jacinto — the decisive 1836 clash in which Sam Houston's small army routed Santa Anna and secured Texas independence. Men like De Vore, many of them young and newly arrived, made up the citizen force that fought in that brief but pivotal campaign. His grave in Liberty County honors one of the founding generation of the Republic of Texas.

Jarrell, TX

Established in 1886 on two acres deeded to Cornhill Masonic Lodge No. 567 by Mr. and Mrs. B. F. Bridges, this Williamson County cemetery became the resting place of community founders, three Civil War soldiers, and veterans of later wars. A cemetery association has cared for the grounds since 1953, and it has grown to about six acres.

West Cornwall Township, PA · est. 2005

Founded in 1742 by Peter Grubb beside a rich vein of iron ore and vast charcoal-making forests, Cornwall Iron Furnace grew into a self-sufficient industrial village complete with an ironmaster's mansion and workers' homes. Its furnaces poured pig iron, cast goods, and cannon for the Revolutionary War before passing to Robert Coleman in 1798 and running until 1883. Remarkably, the works survive fully intact nearby — a rare window into early American ironmaking.

Grover, NC

In January 1781 General Lord Cornwallis crossed into North Carolina near this spot, launching his second invasion of the state as he chased the American forces of Daniel Morgan and Nathanael Greene. The pursuit stretched his army thin and led toward the costly clash at Guilford Courthouse.

Somerville, MA

Donald L. Curtis was a corporal in the United States Army, born in September 1944 and lost in June 1969 at just 24 years old — his short life spanning the height of the Vietnam War era. Across Massachusetts and much of the country in these years, cities and towns set aside street corners, squares, and plaques to honor hometown servicemembers who did not come home, turning an ordinary intersection into a place of remembrance. This memorial marks one such young man from the Somerville community, his name and rank kept in public view for the neighbors and generations who pass by.

Corpus Christi, TX

When Pearl Harbor drew the United States into World War II, German U-boats made open-water shipping deadly, and the sheltered Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, "the Canal," became a vital protected route for Corpus Christi's oil. First envisioned in 1905 and finally secured through easements in 1930, the inland canal carried more than 900 oil-laden vessels toward the East Coast by 1944 and over a million tons of cargo by war's end. Its traffic and the growth it spurred helped transform Corpus Christi and the surrounding counties.

Corpus Christi, TX

In August 1862, a small Confederate battery of three guns near this spot dueled a Union blockading squadron that had spent months choking off the South Texas coast trade. Over two days, shore artillery and Federal warships traded hundreds of shells before a charge led by Major A.M. Hobby and Captain James Ware's cavalry drove the Federals back. The war ground on here for years afterward, with Union troops taking nearby Mustang Island in 1863 and a harsh winter and plundering raids emptying much of Corpus Christi before peace returned.

Corsicana, TX

Corsicana threw itself into the Southern cause: after the 1860 election, citizens hauled down the U.S. flag over the courthouse, and by 1861 recruiters were beating drums on the square, sending some 450 Navarro County men to war under officers like Cols. Roger Q. Mills and Clinton Winkler. A Confederate quartermaster depot rose on this corner, stocked with help from women, children, and old men. After the 1865 surrender, Federal troops camped here — and a sixteen-year-old John Wesley Hardin, not yet the famous gunman, clashed with soldiers nearby.

Paducah, TX

Cottle County, created in 1876 and organized in 1892 along the breaks of the Pease and Little Wichita rivers, honors George Washington Cottle, a DeWitt's Colony settler who fought at Gonzales and died defending the Alamo in March 1836. The marker frames his sacrifice within the broader story of how Texas named its 254 counties—the great majority for revolutionaries, statesmen, and Confederate figures. Cottle was one of fifteen Alamo defenders so remembered.

Paducah, TX

Carved from the vast Young and Bexar land districts as the Texas frontier pushed westward, Cottle County was created in 1876 and finally organized in 1892 with Paducah as its seat. Its name honors George Washington Cottle, one of the defenders who died at the Alamo in 1836, tying this dusty Panhandle-fringe county to Texas's founding sacrifice.

Teague, TX

The Wills family settled here in 1845, and Dr. James S. Wills is credited with founding the Cotton Gin community in 1848, donating land for a public cemetery divided — as the era demanded — into Anglo and African American sections. The oldest legible stone dates to 1854, but the ground holds a deeper record of frontier Texas: a veteran of the War of 1812, at least 67 Civil War soldiers, and veterans of later conflicts lie here among the settlers and the enslaved people who worked the land.

Mooreville, TX

German-speaking families who moved from Washington County to Falls County's rich farmland gathered on March 4, 1884, at Anton Wittner's home to found the German Baptist Church of Cottonwood. They worshiped in members' houses until building a church in 1888. During World War I the congregation was wrongly suspected of hiding arms despite backing the war effort; services shifted from German to English by 1930, and the church took its present name in 1945.

Hubbard, TX

This cemetery grew from land granted to Parrott W. McNeese for his service in the Texas Revolution, whose son George deeded acreage for a school and graveyard after an infant son died in 1873. Around it flourished the Cottonwood community—a store, cotton gin, and school peopled partly by German families brought from Brenham in 1882. The burial ground holds veterans from the Texas Revolution to the Korean War, including a husband-and-wife pair who both served in World War II.

Dublin, TX

On the banks of Cottonwood Creek just outside Dublin lies a cemetery born of a cotton-farming settlement founded in 1854 by Alexander H. and Sarah Holland Dobkins. James C. Bellamy donated land in 1857 for a school and public burial ground, and the graveyard's story is threaded with the dangers of the frontier—two people killed in a Comanche attack were reburied here decades later when railroad work forced the move. Shaded by post oak and pecan, it holds veterans of every war from the Civil War through Vietnam. The cemetery and the Cottonwood Baptist Church are all that remain of the community.

Cotulla, TX

Joseph Cotulla left Poland as a boy in 1856, crossing to America by ship and oxcart and settling into the ranching country of South Texas, where he registered his own brand in 1863. He served two years in the First Texas Cavalry of the Union Army during the Civil War, then drove cattle to Kansas and steadily built a ranch that grew to more than 30,000 acres across three counties. In 1881 he donated land to the railroad for a townsite that took his name and became the seat of La Salle County.

Winters, TX

Counts Cemetery grew from the rural community once known as "Content" on the West Texas frontier, its earliest recorded burial a child laid to rest in 1880. In 1884 more than a dozen local men purchased four acres for a public burial ground, later named for R. F. Counts, whose family owned the surrounding land, with more acreage added in the 1930s. Among those interred are an unknown number of Confederate Civil War veterans who had come west to build new lives in Runnels County.

Daingerfield, TX

County Line Baptist Church traces its records to 1859 and likely stood even earlier, its cemetery already in use by 1863 when three-year-old John C. Leftwich became the first marked burial. For a decade around the turn of the century the log church doubled as the County Line Community School before a new building rose in 1901. When age and storm damage forced the congregation to relocate in 1943, the once scraped-earth cemetery was left to grow over in grass, and a cemetery association formed to tend it in 1976.

Harleton, TX

In the years around the Civil War, settlers drawn from North Carolina, Mississippi, and Georgia gathered near the Harrison–Upshur county line to form the Crossroads community, founding a Baptist church and this cemetery on land given by Dr. T.B. Burford. The earliest marked grave belongs to Eli Henderson McCoy, who came from North Carolina in 1859, served in the Confederate Army, and died in 1863. Tombstones bearing military and fraternal emblems—and two rare stone cairns—record the lives of the families who built the settlement.

Giddings, TX

This marker recalls how Lee County, Texas, took the name of Robert E. Lee, and gathers the affectionate lore that bound the Confederate commander to the state's soldiers. Before the war, then-Colonel Lee spent some two years on the Texas frontier with the 2nd U.S. Cavalry, leading long scouting expeditions and border patrols out of posts like Camp Cooper and Fort Mason. During the Civil War he commanded the Army of Northern Virginia, whose ranks included the celebrated Hood's Texas Brigade—shock troops whose devotion produced the famous cry of 'General Lee to the rear.'

Aspermont, TX

Stonewall County honors Confederate general Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson, who earned his enduring nickname at the First Battle of Manassas in 1861 when General Barnard Bee — a Texan — pointed to him standing firm amid retreat. The marker also recounts Texas's all-out commitment to the Confederacy: some 90,000 troops in the field, a 2,000-mile frontier and coast defended, and a home front of families and enslaved people whose labor supplied the Southern armies.

Granbury, TX

Hood County honors John Bell Hood, the Kentucky-born West Point graduate whose frontier service led him to claim Texas as his own. Resigning from the U.S. Army in 1861, he commanded the 4th Texas Infantry and led "Hood's Texas Brigade," among the most celebrated units of the Confederacy. Nicknamed "The Fighting General," he lost the use of an arm at Gettysburg and a leg at Chickamauga before rising to command the Army of Tennessee.

Miami, TX

Oran Milo Roberts presided over the 1861 convention that carried Texas out of the Union—prompting Sam Houston's wry verdict, 'I don't know what they will do, but Roberts is honest'—then raised the 11th Texas Infantry and led a brigade in Louisiana. He served as chief justice of the Texas Supreme Court under the Confederacy, was removed by federal Reconstruction authorities, and later won two terms as governor. Roberts County in the Panhandle bears his name.

Stratford, TX

Sidney Sherman was a Massachusetts-born militia officer who marched a Kentucky company to Texas and commanded the cavalry at San Jacinto in 1836, the battle that won Texas its independence. He went on to serve the Republic of Texas as major-general and congressman and to build one of the first railroads in the West, whose first locomotive bore his name. When the Civil War came he was placed in charge of fortifying Galveston, the state's most vital seaport, and lost his eldest son in the fighting to hold it.

Eldorado, TX

Schleicher County takes its name from Gustav Schleicher (1823–1879), who served the Confederacy as chief purchasing agent and army engineer west of the Mississippi. He procured scarce entrenching tools, iron, steel, and lead — much of it imported from Europe through Mexico in exchange for cotton, the "life blood" of the Southern war economy — and established engineer depots and fortifications in Texas. The State of Texas erected this marker in 1963 as a memorial to Texans who served the Confederate cause.

Van Horn, TX

David B. Culberson (1830–1900), a Georgia native who came to Texas in 1856, opposed secession yet helped raise the 18th Texas Infantry and rose to command it before broken health ended his field service after Vicksburg. As Adjutant and Inspector General of Texas in 1863–64 he was responsible for defending the frontier against both Union incursion and the Indian raids that intensified during the war, when Comanche, Kiowa, Apache, and Kickapoo bands plundered a thinly guarded borderland. Culberson County was named in his honor as a memorial to Texans who served the Confederacy.

Vega, TX

Williamson Simpson Oldham left a career as a legislator, judge, and newspaperman in Arkansas to settle in Texas, arriving just as the sectional crisis reached its breaking point. He sat in the 1861 Secession Convention, served in the provisional Confederate Congress at Montgomery, and then represented Texas in the Confederate Senate through 1865, where he argued forcefully for states' rights and for granting the president power to suspend habeas corpus. The Panhandle county seated at Vega was later named in his honor as a memorial to Texans who fought for the Confederacy.

Snyder, TX

A delegate to the Texas Secession Convention, William R. Scurry rose from lieutenant colonel of the 4th Texas Cavalry to brigadier general, commanding troops at Val Verde and Glorieta Pass in the 1861-62 New Mexico Campaign and helping retake Galveston in 1863. In the 1864 Red River Campaign he led his brigade through Mansfield and Pleasant Hill before falling at Jenkins' Ferry, Arkansas. The county that bears his name and this state marker stand as memorials to Texans who fought for the Confederacy.

Navasota, TX

Laid out beside the 1873 townsite of McAlpine Town, this cemetery was established by developer Dugald McAlpine, a Scottish-born settler who helped shape the young community of Courtney. Its oldest documented grave dates to 1873, though older unmarked burials likely predate it. Among those resting here are community founders, descendants of early settlers, and veterans reaching from the Civil War through the Korean War.

Covington, TX

Covington Cemetery grew alongside the plantations of brothers James and Philip Gathings, who moved from Mississippi in the early 1850s with their families and enslaved workers and amassed thousands of acres on the Blackland Prairie. James platted the town of Covington and, with his brother, donated land for a church and the Gathings Male and Female College. The earliest marked grave is a son-in-law killed at the Battle of Yellow Bayou in 1864, whose body James had brought home for reburial.

Cherokee County, SC

On this rolling South Carolina pastureland in January 1781, Continental and militia forces under Brigadier General Daniel Morgan sprang a masterful double envelopment on the feared British cavalry commander Banastre Tarleton. Morgan's plan turned his least-reliable militia into bait and shattered Tarleton's command in under an hour. The victory came at a low point in the southern campaign and helped set the stage for the war's end at Yorktown.

Groesbeck, TX

Arkansas native Obediah Cox came home from the Civil War in 1864 and settled with his wife Angeline in the Ferguson Prairie community of Limestone County. When Angeline died in 1870 he buried her here, the cemetery's earliest marked grave, later marrying her sister Eliza and adding to the family lands. The burial ground grew to hold Civil War veterans, Masons, and members of the Order of the Eastern Star among the Cox, Glover, Yarbrough, and other pioneer families, and since the 1880s their descendants have gathered here each year for a memorial reunion.

Weslaco, TX

In February 1945, U.S. Marines fought to seize the small but strategic Pacific island of Iwo Jima, and Weslaco's own Corporal Harlon Block was among the six men who raised the American flag atop Mount Suribachi—an act frozen into one of the most famous photographs of World War II. Days later, after his squad leader was killed, Block took command but was himself killed within hours. His remains came home to Weslaco in 1949 and were later moved to the Iwo Jima monument in Harlingen.

Newmarket, NH

This memorial in Newmarket, New Hampshire honors Corporal Robert F. White, a United States Marine from the town who was killed in Vietnam on August 17, 1967, at the age of 27. He served during one of the war's most intense years, when American troop levels in Vietnam were climbing past 400,000 and combat losses were mounting across the country's provinces. Small New England mill towns like Newmarket felt these losses personally, and the community set this marker so that a native son's name would remain part of the place he came from.

Avery County, NC

The rich iron ore deposits near this Avery County site were worked from around 1826 into the early 20th century, making Cranberry one of the most important iron mines in the southern Appalachians. During the Civil War the mine supplied desperately needed iron to the Confederacy, whose limited industrial base made every ore source strategically valuable. Mining continued until about 1930, and a narrow-gauge railroad was eventually built to haul the ore out of the rugged mountains.

Conroe, TX

Nickolas Crane came to Texas from Alabama in 1848 and, after Confederate service in the Civil War, built this large cabin in 1867 on his land claim, hand-adzing split pine logs smooth on the interior and topping it with a cypress-board roof. The Tharp family moved and restored the cabin in the 1970s, preserving a rare example of post-war frontier homebuilding.

Grand Saline, TX

Creagleville took shape in the 1840s along the Dallas-Shreveport Road, a major route across northern Van Zandt County, and was named for German immigrant Henry Creagle, who settled here about 1847. A school appeared by 1854, and the farming community soon gained a church, cotton gin, gristmill, and cemetery. As families moved away the village faded — its school consolidated in 1941, its church closed in 1991 — but the cemetery, holding more than fifty Civil War veterans, endures.

Junction, TX

Creed Taylor took up arms in the Texas War for Independence, marching from Gonzales to Bexar in 1835 in the campaign that drove Mexican forces from San Antonio. In 1836 he served as a scout and courier during the decisive year of the revolution. His name endures in the Hill Country as one of the frontier soldiers who won Texas its independence.

Houston County, TX

Creek Cemetery began in 1889 with the burial of infant Sydney Hester, whose parents had two years earlier deeded land to the community—then called Georgia Camp—for a school. The burial ground grew alongside the settlement and today holds many of the area's pioneer families, along with veterans of the Civil War and both World Wars. Descendants of those early settlers still tend the grounds.

Port Bolivar, TX

James Crenshaw, a Virginia native and Civil War veteran, brought his wife Henrietta to the Bolivar Peninsula in 1872, where he farmed and ferried his produce to Galveston markets aboard a fleet of nine sailboats. Two young daughters who died in the 1870s and 1880s were buried in an oak grove near the family home. The house survived the catastrophic 1900 Galveston hurricane, and though the Crenshaws later left, descendants preserved the little cemetery, donating it in 2003 to the local school district.

Schulenburg, TX

Raised in Fayette County in 1861 and led by former Prussian artillery officer Edmund Creuzbaur, this Confederate battery of roughly 150 men and four cannons served across Texas and Louisiana. Its most dramatic action came at Calcasieu Pass in May 1864, where it attacked and captured two Union gunboats in a 75-minute fight. The unit later passed to Creuzbaur's brother-in-law, Capt. Charles Welhausen.

Frankfort, KY

John Jordan Crittenden (1787-1863) lived in this Frankfort house for the last forty-four years of his life while serving as Kentucky governor, five-time U.S. Senator, and Attorney General under three presidents. In 1860 he authored the Crittenden Compromise, a last, futile effort to reconcile North and South and preserve the Union on the eve of the Civil War. The house, built in 1800 on land once owned by Aaron Burr, hosted Daniel Webster and President-elect Zachary Taylor.

Ozona, TX

This marker honors David Crockett, the Tennessee frontiersman, soldier, and congressman whose life became American legend. Born in 1786, he fought in the Creek War, served in the Tennessee legislature and the U.S. Congress, and then set out for Texas in early 1836. He died that March defending the Alamo, and the county the marker stands in bears his name.

Dallas, TX

A South Carolina native, John M. Crockett came to the young settlement of Dallas in 1848 and opened one of its first law offices. He rose to serve as state legislator, mayor of Dallas, and lieutenant governor of Texas in the first years of the Confederacy, and even logged weather observations for the Smithsonian. His public life traces the arc of frontier Dallas from raw settlement toward established city.

Granbury, TX

Frontiersman and former congressman David Crockett came to Texas in early 1836, pledged allegiance to the provisional government, and died with the Alamo's defenders that March. For his sacrifice his heirs were granted nearly 1,300 acres, and in 1853 his widow Elizabeth and their sons arrived to claim the land, building cabins and farming here. Over later generations the tract passed through the hands of cattlemen, a Depression-era dairy, and a quarter-horse operation.

Hatboro, PA · est. 1965

Named for a tavern that once stood nearby, Crooked Billet was the scene of a sharp Revolutionary War clash in the spring of 1778, while the British held Philadelphia. General John Lacey's militia, tasked with choking off supplies flowing to the occupied city, camped here on May 1 when British troops surprised them at dawn, scattering the Americans with heavy losses.

Cross Plains, TX

The land holding Cross Plains Cemetery was first granted to James Knight, one of Stephen F. Austin's original colonists, as reward for service in the Mexican-American War, before passing through a string of absentee owners. The first burial came in 1882 — the young son of "Uncle Johnnie" Laird — and in 1905 the Steele family deeded the ground to cemetery trustees. Today it holds the town's founding families, its first mayor, John A. Wagner, many military veterans, and members of its fraternal lodges.

Salt Flat, TX

Named for the birds that flocked to its water, Crow Springs was an oasis in the far West Texas desert used by Indigenous peoples for centuries. The Butterfield Overland Mail built a stage relay station here in 1858, though the route soon shifted south toward Fort Davis, and during the Apache wars of the early 1880s Texas Rangers and Buffalo Soldiers of the U.S. 10th Cavalry camped at the springs to keep New Mexico's Apaches from joining the leaders Victorio and Nana. Today the springs have gone dry, the station has crumbled to dust, and the crows are gone.

Bethlehem, PA

In 1745, just four years after Moravian settlers founded Bethlehem on the banks of the Lehigh River, this two-story log building opened as the community's first public house. Standing beside the ferry landing on the main road into the young settlement, the Crown Inn became a natural stopping place for travelers, and over the decades it welcomed prominent political and military figures passing through eastern Pennsylvania. When a bridge finally supplanted the old ferry in 1794 the inn's fortunes faded; it closed its doors and was torn down in 1857.

Crystal City, TX

After the United States entered World War II, the Immigration and Naturalization Service ran a lesser-known internment system alongside the mass removal of Japanese-Americans from the West Coast. At Crystal City, a former migratory-labor camp became the nation's largest internment facility and the only one built exclusively for families, holding Japanese, German, and Italian nationals seized in the U.S., Hawaii, and Latin America for possible prisoner exchange. Ringed by a ten-foot barbed-wire fence and guard towers, the compound functioned like a small town of some 700 buildings and averaged 2,800 residents; it did not close until 1948.

Straban Township, PA

This monument marks the Confederate Chesapeake Maryland Artillery — Brown's Battery — of Latimer's Battalion in Johnson's Division of Ewell's Corps, Army of Northern Virginia, armed with four 10-pounder Parrott rifles. Marylanders who cast their lot with the South served in units like this one, which fought on the Confederate left during the battle of early July 1863. Gettysburg drew soldiers from across a divided nation, including border-state men fighting far from a home that had stayed in the Union.