Military & Wartime

Sierra Blanca, TX

In August 1880, the Apache leader Victorio's raiders ambushed a Fort Davis–bound stagecoach in a steep West Texas canyon, killing its lone passenger, retired general and surveyor J. J. Byrne, almost instantly while the driver wheeled the mules around and raced back to Fort Quitman. It was among the last acts of a two-year campaign in which Victorio's guerrilla tactics baffled and impressed the U.S. Army across Texas, New Mexico, and Mexico. Later that year, thousands of American and Mexican soldiers hunted Victorio down and killed him in Mexico.

Kingsville, TX

In 1853 Rio Grande steamboat captain Richard King bought two Spanish land grants on Santa Gertrudis Creek and began building what became the legendary King Ranch. Through drought, cattle thieves, and the Civil War—when the ranch funneled Confederate cotton to Mexico—King and his heirs bred longhorns into fortunes, pioneered the Santa Gertrudis cattle breed, and expanded the ranch to nearly a million acres.

Eagle Pass, TX

Built before 1875 as quarters for an ordnance sergeant on the Texas frontier, this stone building takes its name from Robert E. Lee, who visited the area in 1860 as commander of the U.S. 2nd Cavalry, Department of Texas, before his later career as a Confederate general. The Maverick County Historical Society leased it in 1948, and after restoration it was dedicated during the Eagle Pass Centennial in 1949 for use as a museum and meeting hall. It was recorded as a Texas Historic Landmark in 1968.

Leechburg, PA

In 1864, as the Civil War raged, the people of Leechburg embraced the era's "Rural Cemetery Movement"—a mid-19th-century reform that moved burials out of crowded churchyards and town lots into landscaped, park-like grounds meant for quiet reflection. Land obtained from John Klingensmith and Addison Leech (whose family gave the town its name) became the new resting place, and the remains from the original cemetery along 2nd Street were relocated here. The grounds also became home to the John A. Hunter Post #123 of the Grand Army of the Republic, the fraternal order of Union Civil War veterans, tying the site directly to the generation that fought the war.

Key West, FL

Built in 1890 as officers' quarters on the U.S. Navy's Key West base, this seaside residence found its lasting fame as a presidential retreat. Harry S. Truman fell in love with the island's climate and spent 175 days here across eleven visits between 1946 and 1952, conducting the business of the nation from its rooms and coining the building's enduring nickname. A parade of presidents before and after him — Taft, Eisenhower, Kennedy, Carter, and Clinton — also used the house, cementing its place in the story of the modern presidency.

Surfside Beach, TX

This stretch of the Brazoria County coast witnessed three turning points in early Texas history. Here, according to the marker, the first ship of colonists bound for Stephen F. Austin's colony came ashore in December 1821; here the Battle of Velasco was fought in June 1832 in the growing friction between Texian settlers and Mexican authority; and here, in May 1836, peace treaties were signed with the captured General Santa Anna after the Texas Revolution. The Lively's landing opened a decade that would transform this shoreline into the doorstep of a new republic.

Baytown, TX

As Texian settlers broke with Mexico after Santa Anna scrapped the Constitution of 1824, Lynchburg farmer William Scott offered to arm anyone willing to fight for Texas independence. On September 15, 1835, the Lynchburg Volunteers organized at his Point Pleasant plantation and marched to join the Army of the People, taking part in the Grass Fight, the Battle of Concepción, and the siege of Béxar, with some men going on to San Jacinto.

Old Glory, TX

The Mackenzie Trail followed corridors used for centuries, including a Comanche war trail and springs long relied on by Indigenous travelers; French and Spanish explorers and, later, U.S. officers like Marcy and Robert E. Lee passed through the region. In 1871 Colonel Ranald Mackenzie had Tonkawa scouts find a route from Fort Griffin to the High Plains for his campaigns against the Comanches and Kiowas, and he led hundreds of troops along it during those pursuits and the Red River War of 1874–75. Buffalo hunters, then ranchers and farmers followed, founding communities like Rayner, briefly Stonewall County's seat. By 1909 the railroad had replaced the trail.

Leavenworth, KS

This marker identifies the parade ground of Old Cantonment Leavenworth, around which Colonel Henry Leavenworth and his soldiers erected the post's first permanent buildings beginning in 1827. The site he chose on the Missouri River would grow into Fort Leavenworth, a linchpin of the army's frontier operations. The parade ground was the ceremonial and organizational heart of the early post.

Salado, TX

Built in the early 1870s in the symmetrical Greek Revival style, this house was the home of Archibald Johnson Rose, a former Confederate officer who prospered as a farmer after the Civil War. Rose became a leader in the Grange, the farmers' movement that swept the Reconstruction-era South and West, and worked to improve public education. His family kept the house for more than a century.

Matagorda, TX

In late 1863 Union forces pressed along the Texas coast to choke off the ports supplying the Confederacy, and in December they landed on the Matagorda Peninsula backed by gunboats. Confederate naval officer Capt. James R. Marmion answered with his own gunboats and cavalry, and on December 30 the two sides exchanged fire across the narrow strip of land. When Marmion called Capt. Edward S. Rugeley's Company D of Brown's Regiment to stage a night amphibious assault, a brutal norther swamped the small boats within sight of safety, drowning 22 men and touching nearly every family in Matagorda. The Union force eventually withdrew, leaving the Confederates in control of the peninsula.

San Antonio, TX

The Matamoros Road ran some 330 miles from San Antonio to the Rio Grande, a route so old it was worn by Indians and Spaniards before Anglo settlers ever arrived. A journey of six to eight weeks across a bandit-haunted, water-starved land, it taught teamsters to hide gold in grain sacks and bored-out axles. During the Civil War it became the great "cotton road," the Confederacy's lifeline: ox-drawn carts hauled bales south past cotton snagged in the mesquite and returned laden with guns, ammunition, and cloth that ran the Union blockade.

Richmond, TX

Isaac McFarlane left Scotland for Texas, rode with Terry's Texas Rangers during the Civil War, and afterward built a prosperous mercantile trade in Richmond. In the early 1880s local builder Thomas Culshaw raised this house for the family, dressing it in fashionable Italianate style with molded window hoods and decorative metal cresting along the roof ridge. The McFarlanes kept the home for nearly a century, holding it until 1979.

Galveston, TX

In January 1917, as World War I ground on, Germany's foreign secretary Arthur Zimmermann secretly offered Mexico financial support to invade the American Southwest if the United States entered the war. Because Britain had cut Germany's cables, the coded message traveled over American lines and passed through the Mexican Telegraph Company's Trans-Gulf Cable, which came ashore at Galveston and relayed it on from a small building on Avenue O. British intelligence intercepted and decoded it, and its release helped push the United States into the war.

Roma, TX

In December 1842 a body of Texans bent on invading Mexico camped near this spot on the Rio Grande. Taken prisoner after fighting at Mier and a later revolt at Salado, the men were forced to draw beans from a jar—white for life, black for execution. On March 25, 1843, seventeen of those who drew black beans were shot by order of General Santa Anna.

City of Albany, NY

This memorial speaks in the voice of a grieving but grateful community, vowing to keep fresh the memory of local men who 'made the supreme sacrifice in the world war.' Erected in the years after World War I, it belongs to a wave of American 'Mother's' and Gold Star memorials that honored both the fallen and the mothers who lost sons. Albany, like cities across the country, gathered its war dead into permanent public remembrance.

Burkeville, TX

By 1840 the Beef Road had become a vital artery across the Sabine River borderlands, replacing the earlier Zavala Road and taking its name from the cattle driven along it from the Huntsville and Liberty regions toward Louisiana markets. Near this spot it forked into three branches, each heading to a different crossing and destination, with "beef pens" set along the way to corral cattle overnight. During the Civil War it served as a Confederate supply route until Union control of the Mississippi in July 1863 choked off the eastern drives, and the postwar rise of the Kansas railheads finished its decline.

Greenville, TX

Greenville's post office dates to 1847, when mail was reputedly dropped at a saloon, but it moved into this Neo-classic building only in 1910, later enlarged in 1930. Its most famous moment came on June 20, 1942, when a young Hunt County man named Audie Murphy joined the Army here on his 18th birthday. Murphy went on to become the most decorated American soldier of World War II, and the city acquired the building in 1973 to preserve it.

Plainview, TX

This marker commemorates the trail broken in 1871 by General Ranald Slidell MacKenzie and his 4th U.S. Cavalry as they campaigned across the West Texas plains against roving bands of Indians. Larry Chittenden's mournful verse, quoted on the marker, conjures the wagon trains, soldiers, and lonely prairie graves that once followed its course. Erected in 1936 for the Texas Centennial, it fixes the fading route in public memory.

Montgomery, TX

In January 1839 the Rev. Isaac Strickland organized a Methodist church here, and its members raised a log meetinghouse on land donated by the founders of Montgomery. The churchyard filled with graves through the 1840s, and one dying pastor asked to be buried beneath the altar of the frame church replacing the cabin. Among those laid to rest are a soldier of the American Revolution and veterans of the War of 1812, the Texas Revolution, the Mexican War, and the Civil War, alongside pioneers, officials, and travelers who died among strangers.

Towson, MD

Built in 1816, in the anxious aftermath of the War of 1812, this arsenal was placed at a safe remove beyond Baltimore to store the young republic's arms. It saw service again during the Civil War, and in later years the grounds became a home for aging Confederate veterans before passing to the State of Maryland. The plain, sturdy building survives from an era when the nation was still learning to arm and defend itself.

Westminster, MD

This Westminster landmark went up in 1845 as a hall for the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, one of the fraternal lodges that anchored civic life across small-town America in the early republic. Doubling as an "opera house" and community center, it hosted the performances, lectures, and gatherings that passed for a town's cultural heart for the better part of a century. During the Civil War, with Maryland a divided border state and armies crisscrossing the region around Gettysburg, the building reportedly served Union troops.

Richmond, TX

Col. P.E. Peareson, a Civil War veteran and lawyer whose firm practiced in Richmond for nearly a century, moved this dignified house to the site in 1869, where his relatives lived until 1931. It then passed to Thomas Blakely Winston, a great-great-grandson of Jane Long, remembered as the "Mother of Texas." Fittingly, the home stands on land granted to Mrs. Long in 1827, tying the property to the earliest days of Anglo settlement in the region.

San Antonio, TX

When General John J. Pershing chased Pancho Villa into Mexico in 1916, Chinese merchants set up camps to supply his soldiers — and earned the resentment of a hostile local populace. Fearing reprisals, some 527 Chinese fled north with Pershing's returning column in 1917, and because the Chinese Exclusion Act barred their entry, the general had to secure special permission for them. Most settled around San Antonio's military bases as laborers, carpenters, and cooks, and a special act of Congress in 1921 finally granted them permanent residency; many stayed to open businesses.

Tivoli, TX

This cypress, oak, and Florida-pine house rose in 1868 on land first granted in 1834 to Nicholas Fagan, an Irish-born colonist who fought in Texas's war for independence. His son Peter Henry Fagan, a Confederate veteran of campaigns in New Mexico and Galveston, returned home in 1865 and built the home, which soon doubled as a way-station on the road between Refugio and Victoria. Travelers rested here, and visiting priests celebrated neighborhood masses under its roof.

Hampden Township, PA

In the closing years of the Revolutionary War, George Washington sought a way to recognize ordinary soldiers for extraordinary courage — a radical idea in an age when military honors were reserved for officers and aristocrats. The award he devised, a cloth badge in the shape of a heart, lay largely forgotten for a century and a half before it was revived in 1932, the bicentennial of Washington's birth, and reborn as the Purple Heart. What began as a token of merit gradually became the nation's tribute to those wounded or killed in the line of duty.

Corpus Christi, TX

In 1859 circus-promoter-turned-civic-leader Henry Alonzo Maltby launched a four-page weekly newspaper in Corpus Christi that mixed editorials, poetry, recipes, and a register of local cattle brands. When war came, the Maltby brothers threw the paper behind the Confederacy; William was captured defending Mustang Island while Henry fled with his press to Mexico and then Brownsville, where a Union colonel briefly suppressed it. After the war the Ranchero kept up its defiant opposition to federal military rule until Maltby sold it in 1870, the year Reconstruction-era occupation of Texas ended.

Columbus, TX

By 1822 Stephen F. Austin had drawn some 150 families to his colony on the Colorado and Brazos rivers, where fear of Indian raids was constant. After the Mexican governor Trespalacios organized local defense, colonists in 1823 raised a small company under Moses Morrison, and Austin pledged ten more men at his own expense to serve as "Rangers." Though the Texas Rangers were not formally organized until 1835, these earliest ranging companies became the model for the force that followed.

Exeter, NH

In the churning politics of the early 1850s, the old party system was breaking apart under the strain of the slavery question, and anti-slavery men from rival factions were groping for common cause. According to local tradition, it was here in Exeter that Amos Tuck—a former Free Soil congressman—gathered such men and helped fix upon the name that a new coalition would carry. Within a few years that name belonged to a national party powerful enough to elect a president and reshape the country.

Crockett, TX

Born in South Carolina in 1813, John C. Woolam served in the Florida Indian Wars before reaching Texas in 1838 and taking up Methodist preaching in 1840. Over fifty years he ministered to thirty-four churches across East and Southeast Texas and served as a Confederate chaplain during the Civil War. As chaplain of the Texas Veterans Association he offered the dedicatory prayer at the opening of the State Capitol in 1888.

Sherman, TX

Born in Mississippi in 1840 and educated in Georgia, John Silliman Moore was wounded three times during the Civil War, at Seven Pines, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg. After the war he trained for the ministry at the Presbyterian seminary in Columbia, South Carolina, and served churches across East Texas before settling in Sherman, where he led the First Presbyterian Church from 1879 until his death in 1903. As a longtime trustee of Austin College, he helped move the school from Huntsville to Sherman.

New York, TX

Thomas Hunt Hall followed his father and grandfather into the Methodist ministry, then answered a different call when the Civil War began, enlisting in the 14th Texas Cavalry of the Confederate Army. A Georgia native who reached Texas in 1854, he later took up medicine and spent decades serving Smith and Henderson counties as both preacher and physician, settling in the New York community in 1895.

Royalton, VT

On October 16, 1780, a large raiding party of Native fighters led by a British officer swept down the White River valley during the Revolutionary War, burning the frontier settlement of Royalton and neighboring towns, killing several settlers and carrying off more than two dozen captives. It was one of the last major raids on the Vermont frontier and long remembered in the region's founding lore.

Galveston, TX

A native of France who had served in its army, Marius Etienne Chataignon came to the United States in 1907 and to Texas in 1910, entering the priesthood and serving parishes in Galveston. He was a U.S. Army chaplain in France during World War I, and in World War II — promoted to colonel and known fondly as Father Chat, Galveston's soldier priest — he served as chief chaplain of the II Corps, 5th Army in North Africa and Italy. Returning a decorated veteran, he led Sacred Heart Church and helped establish a Catholic high school for boys before retiring from the Army in 1953.

Dayton, TX

As Santa Anna's army pushed into Texas in the spring of 1836, terrified colonists abandoned their homes in a chaotic flight remembered as the Runaway Scrape. Families left beds unmade and breakfasts uneaten, fleeing east by wagon, horse, and foot toward the Sabine and safety in the United States. Many suffered terribly in rain-soaked camps along the swollen Trinity River, where measles and hardship claimed children's lives—until word of Sam Houston's victory at San Jacinto turned the desperate exodus around with the cry, "Turn back, turn back."

Charleston, SC

In the harbor city of Charleston, where the Civil War's first shots rang out in 1861, the salvaging of a heavy gun from the water was no small matter. This marker honors Adolphus W. and James C. Lacoste, who together with others managed to recover a cannon that trained engineers of both the Federal and Confederate armies had declared impossible to raise. Their feat turned a written-off relic into a lasting piece of the city's wartime memory.

Arlington, TX

Few places wear their layered past as openly as Texas, where six national flags have flown in turn. From Spain's banner planted beside missionary crosses in 1519, to La Salle's ill-fated French colony, to Mexican rule, the Republic of Texas born at San Jacinto, U.S. statehood, and the Confederacy, each era left its mark on the land. This exhibit distills more than three centuries of conquest, revolution, and settlement into the story of a single state.

Watertown, MA

This Egyptian-revival sphinx stands at Mount Auburn Cemetery near Watertown, America's first great garden cemetery, and was raised in the years after the Civil War to honor the Union's survival and the abolition of slavery. Its inscription frames the war's outcome in monumental terms — a nation preserved and human bondage ended through popular sacrifice. Choosing the ancient form of the sphinx, its creators cast a distinctly American triumph in the timeless language of Old World monuments.

Los Indios, TX

On April 25, 1846, a company of U.S. dragoons under Captain Thornton was attacked by Mexican troops in the disputed territory north of the Rio Grande. The clash left several Americans dead and gave President Polk the claim that "American blood" had been shed "on American soil." Within weeks Congress declared war, and the skirmish here became the opening act of the Mexican-American War.

Town of Fort Ann, NY

In the summer of 1777, British General John Burgoyne drove south from Canada down the Champlain–Hudson corridor, intending to cut the rebellious colonies in two. After the American withdrawal from Fort Ticonderoga, retreating colonial troops turned to fight their pursuers here on July 8, 1777, in the sharp woodland action remembered as the Battle of Fort Anne. Though the outnumbered defenders ultimately fell back, their stand was one of a string of stubborn delaying fights that slowed and wore down Burgoyne's advancing army.

Windthorst, TX

Named for rock formations resembling teepees and once an Indian ceremonial ground, the Stone Houses gave their name to a sharp frontier clash on November 10, 1837. Lieutenant A. Van Benthousen and 18 Rangers, tracking stolen horses, were attacked nearby by a much larger Keechi force; ten Rangers and many warriors fell in a three-hour fight before the survivors escaped on foot. In 1874 the area's first permanent home was built close by the formations.

Sugar Land, TX

Sugar cane came to Fort Bend County with Stephen F. Austin's colonists in the 1820s, and by the 1840s the Williams brothers were boiling it in open kettles on Oakland Plantation. Successive owners — Kyle and Terry, then Cunningham after the Civil War, and finally Kempner and Eldridge in 1907 — grew a horse-powered mill into the Imperial Sugar Company, which named the town Sugar Land. One early partner, Benjamin Terry, raised the Confederate cavalry unit Terry's Texas Rangers and died in the war.

Sunbury, PA · est. 1929

Fort Augusta, guarding the forks of the Susquehanna at Sunbury, was first chosen as a rendezvous for the Sullivan campaign. From here Lt. Col. Adam Hubley's regiment — the one unit quartered at the fort — marched to join the offensive against the Six Nations in 1779. The old fort thus became one of several launching points feeding troops into the larger expedition.

Delaware Township, PA · est. 1929

Jacob Freeland raised a mill on this ground in 1773 and, as war reached the frontier, stockaded it in 1778 for defense. On July 28, 1779, British-allied Tories and Seneca warriors attacked and destroyed the fort, and the inscription records that 108 settlers were killed or taken prisoner. The assault came at the height of the brutal frontier fighting that Sullivan's expedition was meant to answer.

Burkesville, TX

Founded on land William Williams surveyed under an 1834 Mexican grant, 'The Survey' drew settlers who built the community's first frame house in 1847 from lumber hauled from Alexandria, Louisiana. Farming and later lumbering sustained the families named Booker, Mattox, Cobb, and others, and at least sixteen residents fought for the Confederacy. Shifting population after the 1940s consolidated the school, closed the post office, and disbanded the church, leaving cemeteries and old buildings tended by a local association.

Cleburne, TX

World War II transformed the Texas home front as civilians took up new jobs in petroleum, lumber, bomber manufacturing and farming, even as enlistment drained smaller towns of labor. Johnson County answered its 1944 farm-labor crisis by establishing Camp Cleburne, one of nearly 70 Texas camps holding more than 50,000 German POWs, whose workers supplied 120 local farms. Meanwhile National Guard units like Battery B of the 36th Infantry Division trained here before shipping overseas in 1942, and by war's end nearly 1.2 million troops had trained at Texas bases.

Marshall, TX

Merchant George Gammon Gregg built this frame house in Marshall in the early 1850s, and family tradition holds that Confederate veteran James Turner won title to it in an 1866 poker game. Turner went on to become a noted lawyer and served four years as the town's mayor, while his son Robert added the Victorian porch columns in 1890. The Turner family kept the residence for more than a century.

Washoe County, NV

In the spring of 1860, Northern Paiute warriors defending their homeland fought two pitched battles near Pyramid Lake. On May 12 they routed a hastily raised volunteer army from Virginia City in a skillful ambush along the Truckee River. Three weeks later, a larger force of volunteers and regular U.S. troops met the Numu again; several hundred warriors fought a fierce delaying action, buying time for their families to escape before withdrawing. Their war leader Numaga sought peace, yet took up arms to protect his people.

New York, NY

During World War II, the civilian mariners of the U.S. Merchant Marine carried the fuel, food, munitions, and troops that kept the Allied war effort alive, running a gauntlet of U-boats and mines that sailors called the Battle of the Oceans. They suffered one of the highest casualty rates of any service, yet their sacrifice long went formally unrecognized. This plaque near New York Harbor honors those who served and those who never came home.

Bethlehem, PA · est. 1931

During the Revolutionary War, Bethlehem's Moravian community turned its buildings into a sprawling military hospital where hundreds of Continental soldiers were treated and, all too often, died of wounds and disease. More than five hundred men were laid to rest on this hillside, their names largely lost to record. This crypt honors one such unknown soldier, a stand-in for the many who perished far from the battlefield in the war's grim medical camps.

Summit County, UT

This marker recalls the Utah War of the late 1850s, when mounting friction between federal officials and the Latter-day Saint settlers over control of Utah Territory led President James Buchanan to send some 2,500 U.S. Army troops west. The confrontation brought the region to the brink of open warfare, though it ended largely without pitched battle after tense standoffs and negotiation.

Milwaukee, WI

Erected in 1898 and sculpted by John S. Conway, this dramatic bronze honors the Wisconsin soldiers who fought 'in the War for the Union,' 1861–1865. Cast in Rome and set in Milwaukee, it captures the fury of a Civil War infantry charge, a fitting tribute in a state that sent tens of thousands of men to preserve the nation. It remains among the city's most powerful public monuments to that generation's sacrifice.

Concord, MA

Across the North after 1865, towns like Concord raised monuments to their Civil War dead—the conflict they knew as the War of the Rebellion. This memorial gathers the names of local men who marched off to preserve the Union, and its inscription tenderly notes that Concord was to them a birthplace, a home, or a final resting place. In a town already famous as the cradle of the American Revolution, the stone bound a new generation's sacrifice to the older story of liberty.

Galveston, TX

New York native Wilbur Cherry fought in the Texas revolution and then helped launch the newspaper that survives today as the Galveston Daily News. Around 1852 he built this two-story home with its distinctive double gallery of square pillars, one of the oldest surviving residences on the island. His widow Catherine lived on there past the turn of the century.

San Antonio, TX

In September 1842, the young Republic of Texas was still an unsettled thing, and Mexico had not conceded its independence. When General Adrián Woll marched 1,300 troops into San Antonio at dawn, just 56 Texians—judge, jurors, and townsfolk among them—fortified Samuel Maverick's stone house and fought before the odds forced their surrender. Fifty-two prisoners were marched more than a thousand miles to Perote Prison in Mexico; Woll himself was checked days later at the Salado, and the last captives did not walk free until 1844.

Matagorda, TX

A leading Gulf port, Matagorda thrived on cotton shipped down the Colorado River, and during the Civil War it became a busy channel for Confederate blockade runners slipping past Union ships. That same wartime traffic likely carried the Aedes aegypti mosquito into the wetland port, and in the fall of 1862 the yellow fever it spread ravaged the town. From late September to late November, the epidemic is estimated to have killed as much as a third of the population, filling Matagorda Cemetery and claiming enslaved residents and soldiers whose names largely went unrecorded.

Brownsville, TX

These weathered pilings mark two separate military supply roads a generation apart. The cypress piles are remnants of a floating bridge Gen. Zachary Taylor threw across Boca Chica Inlet in 1846 during the Mexican-American War; the palmetto pilings are what remains of a railroad crossing begun by Gen. Francis Herron in 1864 and finished by Gen. Philip Sheridan in 1865 to move Union supplies at the close of the Civil War.

Charleston, SC

This heavy artillery piece recalls the long Union effort to capture Charleston, the very city where the Civil War began with the bombardment of Fort Sumter in 1861. A thirteen-inch mortar was among the largest siege weapons of its day, lobbing massive explosive shells in a high arc to reach fortifications that ordinary field guns could not touch. From 1863 to 1865, Federal forces pressed a grinding campaign against the harbor's defenses, and weapons like this one hammered the batteries ringing the city until Charleston finally fell in early 1865.

Victoria, TX

Irish-born John Joseph Linn came to Texas as a merchant and became the last alcalde and first mayor of Victoria, serving in the Provisional Government of 1835 and the first Congress of the Republic. His home was a waypoint of the Texas Revolution: volunteers of the New Orleans Greys and the Alabama Red Rovers were welcomed there on their way to join Fannin's doomed command at Goliad, and Victoria's women molded bullets for the army nearby. Linn died on the site in 1885.

Philadelphia, PA · est. 2014

Between 1965 and 1971, sixty-four former students of Thomas A. Edison High School died in the Vietnam War, said to be more than from any other school in the nation. Most came from Philadelphia's working-class and poor families, communities that bore a heavy share of the war's cost. Whether they enlisted or were drafted without the deferments available to wealthier peers, these young men gave their lives.