Military & Wartime

Boston, MA

In the crowded North Square of Boston's North End, silversmith and patriot Paul Revere kept his home in the years surrounding the American Revolution. It was from this dense colonial neighborhood that Revere set out on his famous night ride in April 1775 to warn that British regulars were on the march. His wife, Rachel Walker Revere, held the household together through the upheaval of war and occupation, and it is for her that this overlook is named.

Radnor Township, PA · est. 1947

Quakers — the Society of Friends — have gathered on this ground since 1686, only a few years after Pennsylvania's founding, making Radnor Meeting one of the oldest Friends communities in the region. The stone meetinghouse standing from about 1721 saw its quiet worship interrupted by war: during the brutal winter of 1777–78, when Washington's army lay at nearby Valley Forge, the building served as an officers' quarters and a hospital for the sick and wounded. It is a place where two strands of Pennsylvania's identity — Quaker pacifism and Revolutionary sacrifice — met under one roof.

Del Rio, TX

The deep gorge where the Pecos meets the Rio Grande long defied transportation until the Southern Pacific bridged it in 1882 on its southern transcontinental line, reached by a circuitous route and two tunnels. In 1891–92 crews replaced it with a high-line viaduct on 24 towers — briefly the highest bridge in North America — where trains slowed to a crawl and even halted so passengers could take in the view. Wartime demand brought the current 1944 high bridge, built with critical materials released by special War Production Board permission.

Temple, TX

Born to a wealthy Missouri plantation family, Raleigh R. White defied his father to join the Confederate army at 21, serving under Nathan Bedford Forrest and rising to acting colonel. A religious conversion after the war redirected his life: ordained a Baptist minister in 1873, he moved his large family to Texas in 1882 and became an influential itinerant preacher, active in seminaries, missions, and Baptist work among African Americans. His son later founded the Temple hospital that grew into Scott & White.

Ralls, TX

Four years after the town of Ralls was founded, its residents bought a five-acre burial ground from the C.B. Livestock Company in 1915, first used that same year. Local groups like the Garden Club and Lions Club later beautified the grounds, adding a Georgia-marble Bible monument in 1963. Town founder John R. Ralls and veterans of several wars rest among its graves.

Park County, CO

In the aftermath of the attack on Pearl Harbor, as the federal government forced tens of thousands of Japanese Americans into internment camps, Colorado Governor Ralph L. Carr (1939–1943) publicly welcomed them and defended their constitutional rights as citizens—a stance widely believed to have cost him his political career. This highway carries his name in honor of that moral courage.

Boston, MA

A modest plaque in the Jeffries Point section of East Boston keeps the name of Ralph Correale, a neighborhood son born in 1924 whose life ended in 1943. Those dates place his death at the height of the Second World War, when Eastie — a dense, largely immigrant waterfront district — sent a remarkable share of its young men into uniform and set aside squares and corners for those who did not come home.

Columbia City, IN

Ralph F. Gates (1893–1978), a Columbia City attorney and banker, rose from local prominence to the highest office in Indiana. Elected state commander of the American Legion in 1931, he built a political base that in 1944 carried the Republican Party to control of state offices and the General Assembly. He served as governor of Indiana from 1945 to 1949, leading the state through the difficult transition from world war to peacetime.

Mansfield, TX

Ralph Sandiford Mann came to Texas from South Carolina in the 1850s and, with his brother-in-law Julian Field, founded the town of Mansfield — its name a blend of their own. Their steam-powered grist mill supplied grain to the Confederacy during the Civil War and later fed U.S. troops at frontier forts Belknap and Griffin. About 1866 Mann built the log core of this home, later expanded in brick, and gave land for the town cemetery where he rests.

Halifax, NC

The Confederate ironclad ram CSS Albemarle was fitted with its machinery and guns at Halifax before steaming down the Roanoke River into action in 1864. Ironclads like the Albemarle briefly challenged Union control of North Carolina's rivers and sounds during the Civil War. This marker recalls the inland shipyard work that sent her into battle.

Tenaha, TX

The Ramah community grew from the 1870s homestead of William Tell and Mollie Pou, who helped found Ramah Baptist Church in 1874 and gave its name — a biblical 'high place' — to the settlement's log church, school, store, and cotton gin. The cemetery formally deeded in 1909 holds more than a thousand graves, including over a hundred veterans spanning the U.S.-Mexican War through the Korean Conflict. Among them lies George E.B. Peddy, elected to the legislature while still a University of Texas student and a two-time U.S. Senate candidate decorated in both World Wars.

Castroville, TX

Charles De Montel came from Europe to Texas in 1838 and made himself a frontiersman of many roles—helping found Castroville, organizing Medina County, and serving as county judge, Texas Ranger captain, and a Navy commander for the Confederacy during the Civil War. A co-founder of Bandera as well, he married Justine Pingenot in 1847 and built this home between 1848 and 1850. His life traces the arc from immigrant newcomer to pillar of the young Texas frontier.

Canyon, TX

Carved from Young and Bexar territories, Randall County was created in 1876 and organized in 1889, with Canyon as its seat. It honors Horace Randall (1821–1864), a Confederate officer who was killed leading his brigade in battle. The naming reflects how Texas, in the decades after the Civil War, memorialized its Confederate dead across the map of the settling Panhandle.

Canyon, TX

Created in 1876 and named for Confederate general Horace Randall, this Panhandle county was settled in 1877 by rancher Leigh Dyer, brother-in-law of the famed cattleman Charles Goodnight, who brought the first cattle to the region. Organized in 1889 with Canyon as its seat, it later became home to West Texas State University and the Panhandle-Plains Historical Museum. Its founding weaves together open-range ranching and the memory of the Civil War.

Decatur, TX

Born into slavery near Savannah, Georgia, in 1832, Randolph Vesey served as body servant to Confederate General William Lewis Cabell during the Civil War. In 1868, living on the Montague-Wise County line, he was captured by Indians and taken to Kansas, then ransomed by the Black frontier scout Brit Johnson with horses donated by Texas friends. A gifted violinist, Vesey played at local dances, married Missouri 'Zoe' Light, and raised two children.

Richmond, TX

Born in Spanish West Florida in 1790, Randolph Foster served in the War of 1812 and hunted across the southwestern frontier before joining Stephen F. Austin's first colony as one of the fabled "Old Three Hundred" in 1821. Granted 4,400 acres and serving as an Indian scout, he became a prominent Fort Bend planter. During the 1836 revolution he helped supply the Texian army and, with a handful of comrades, delayed Santa Anna's crossing of the Brazos long enough to keep the fleeing Texian government out of enemy hands.

Decatur, TX

Randolph Vesey (1832–1908) was a Black Texan, born in Georgia, known across Wise County as a champion pioneer fiddler who played the frontier forts and was once ransomed from Indian captivity in Kansas. The marker records that he accompanied Confederate general W. L. Cabell to war as a body servant, and it uses his life to frame a broader, contested claim about enslaved and free Black people who labored for the Confederacy. Vesey lived out his years as a respected homeowner and is buried in Decatur's Oaklawn cemetery.

Ranger, TX

Ranked among Texas's oldest operating airfields, Ranger's aviation story began in 1911 when transcontinental flyer Robert G. Fowler landed his Wright biplane here during a bid for William Randolph Hearst's $50,000 cross-country prize. Boosters bought the 135-acre Cooper tract and dedicated an airport on Armistice Day 1928, later renaming it Ranger Municipal Airport in 1939 as a civilian pilot training program opened. Amelia Earhart set down her Pitcairn Autogiro here in 1931, glider races passed through in the 1930s, and Army Air Forces Cub pilots trained in its clear skies during World War II.

Plymouth, NC

During the final Confederate push at the Battle of Plymouth on April 20, 1864, General Matt Ransom's North Carolina brigade formed its line of battle near this spot. Ransom's men were part of the broad assault that overwhelmed the Union defenses guarding the Roanoke River port. Within hours the entire garrison capitulated.

Pyote, TX

Named for the rattlesnake dens uncovered during its construction, Pyote Army Air Base rose on 2,700 acres of West Texas land in 1942 to train bomber crews for World War II. With two long runways and hundreds of buildings, it trained B-17 crews and, from July 1944, B-29 crews, earning a reputation as a top-flight training field. After the war it became an aircraft storage depot that briefly sheltered the Enola Gay, the plane that dropped the first atomic bomb.

Plainview, TX

Austin-born and educated at the Texas Military Institute, Rawleigh Porteus Smyth rose to brigadier general after service in the Spanish-American War. But his deepest mark on Texas was made with a surveyor's chain: in 1887 he ran the boundaries of the great South Plains ranches and platted the towns of Plainview, Happy, Tulia, and Kress. As a state legislator in 1897 he wrote laws to aid Plains settlers, and as a tireless irrigation advocate he helped turn the dry High Plains into farmland.

Lancaster, TX

The Rawlins family settled this stretch of Dallas County in 1845, and in 1855 Roderick A. Rawlins — who had married his teacher, Virginia Bledsoe, daughter of Lancaster's founder — began building here. After serving as a Confederate officer during the Civil War, Captain Rawlins rebuilt his home in the fashionable Greek Revival style. Standing halfway between Dallas and Waxahachie, the house became a welcome stop where travelers drew water and camped by the well.

Big Lake, TX

Reagan County was carved from Tom Green County and organized in 1903 as ranching and, later, oil pushed settlement across the West Texas plains. It honors John H. Reagan (1818-1905), an Indian fighter, surveyor, and long-serving Texas congressman who became Postmaster General of the Confederacy and later a founding force of the Texas Railroad Commission. The county seat moved from Stiles to Big Lake in 1925.

Menard, TX

Spain planted this presidio on the Texas frontier in 1757, relocating a garrison first raised on the San Gabriel River six years earlier, to guard the nearby Santa Cruz de San Sabá mission. Renamed the Real Presidio de San Sabá in 1761, when its stone fortress was completed, it stood at the far northern edge of Spanish colonial power in a region contested by powerful Native nations. The presidio anchored one of Spain's boldest and most perilous efforts to extend missions into the Texas interior.

Milwaukee, WI

This monument honors the 32nd 'Red Arrow' Division, whose fierce fighting in the trenches of World War I earned it the French nickname 'Les Terribles' — 'the Terrible Ones.' Drawn largely from Michigan and Wisconsin National Guardsmen, the division was among the first American units to breach the German lines, its red-arrow shoulder patch symbolizing an enemy line pierced through.

National Park, NJ

On October 22, 1777, at Fort Mercer on the New Jersey bank of the Delaware River, Colonel Christopher Greene and the First Rhode Island Continentals held their ground against a far larger force of Hessian troops trying to clear the river approach to British-held Philadelphia. A garrison of only a few hundred repelled the assault, inflicting heavy losses in one of the season's rare American successes.

Brownsboro, TX

Settlers reached this part of Henderson County in the 1840s, and by 1849 the Red Hill Methodist Church had formed nearby. Beginning before 1877, congregations from the Red Hill and Blackjack communities gathered here for summer revivals and brush-arbor camp meetings — a beloved annual tradition — even though no church building ever rose on the spot. The grounds became a community cemetery of more than 450 marked graves, holding pioneer settlers, their descendants, and veterans of wars from the Civil War through Vietnam.

Red Oak, TX

Begun as the Kemble family burial ground on land Abraham Kemble acquired around 1860, this cemetery took in Abraham and his wife Mary in 1867. Kemble descendants deeded the plot to a local Baptist church in 1892, and after the turn of the century it became a public burial ground holding area pioneers and veterans of several wars.

Nocona, TX

Established in 1861 near a major buffalo and Indian crossing, Red River Station was a Civil War frontier outpost where local soldiers, families, and Texas Frontier Regiment cavalry guarded the settlement's edge against raids and possible Union incursion from Indian Territory. Chronically short of supplies, its Confederates and state rangers patrolled a vast frontier line, and after the war the crossing became a key point on the cattle trails north.

Franklinville, NC

Rednap Howell was the balladeer of the Regulator movement, writing satirical songs that mocked corrupt officials and rallied backcountry farmers to their cause in the years before 1771. He fought at the Battle of Alamance, where the Regulators were defeated, and lived near this spot until his death in 1787.

Doña Ana County, NM

This label identifies a PGM-11 Redstone, a short-range ballistic missile developed by the U.S. Army's rocket team in the early 1950s and among the first large American guided missiles of the Cold War. Missiles like it were proven on the ranges of southern New Mexico, where White Sands became the proving ground of the atomic and space age. The Redstone lineage led directly to the boosters that lofted America's first satellite and first astronaut.

East Hanover Township, PA · est. 1949

In 1755, as war raged along Pennsylvania's frontier, the home of Adam Reed just south of this point was fortified into a place of refuge. From here Reed and a company of Rangers drawn from Hanover Township stood guard over the surrounding countryside during a period of frequent raids. It was one link in the improvised chain of frontier defenses that ordinary settlers threw up when the empire's protection fell short.

Lubbock, TX

After a decade of lobbying by Lubbock officials, an Army Air Corps advanced flying school opened west of the city in January 1942, replacing cotton fields with barracks and runways. As the Lubbock Army Flying School it trained more than 7,000 pilots before deactivating in 1945, then reactivated in 1949 and was renamed for First Lt. Augustus F. Reese, Jr., a Shallowater native killed in action during World War II. Over a 56-year run, Reese Air Force Base sent more than 25,000 men and women — including hundreds from 40 allied nations — into the sky before its closure in the 1990s.

Pecos, TX

Carved out of Pecos County in 1883 and organized the following year, Reeves County took shape as railroads and settlers pushed into far West Texas. It was named for George Robertson Reeves, a Confederate colonel who also served in the Texas Legislature, and the town of Pecos became its seat. Markers like this, erected in 1936 for the Texas Centennial, fixed the young county's origins in public memory.

Caldwell, TX

Built before the turn of the twentieth century by Caldwell merchant and banker William Reeves, this ornate late-Victorian home passed in 1907 to Capt. Mansell Lewis Womack, a Civil War veteran, former county sheriff, and civic leader. His family held the house until 1957, and its intricate Eastlake detailing still marks it as a showpiece of the era.

Baltimore, MD

This memorial gathers the recollections of those who endured the Second World War, among them the landings at Omaha Beach on June 6, 1944 — D-Day. On that stretch of Normandy sand, American troops pushed through murderous fire to establish the beachhead that opened the liberation of Western Europe. The inscription speaks in the voice of a veteran returning to honor the men who fell there.

Laredo, TX

A descendant of Laredo's 1755 founder Tomás Sánchez, Refugio Benavides was a pillar of one of the border city's leading families. He served as alderman and mayor before the Civil War, then rose to captain in the 3rd Texas Cavalry, commanding a company that defended the Rio Grande frontier and helped keep the valley open as a Confederate cotton-export route. After Reconstruction he returned to the mayor's office for three terms, improving schools, sewers, and the city charter.

Hillsborough, NC

In 1771 backcountry North Carolinians known as Regulators rose up against corrupt colonial officials and crushing fees, a rebellion put down by the royal governor's militia at the Battle of Alamance. In its aftermath several Regulators were tried and hanged at Hillsborough that June. This monument, placed by the Colonial Dames in 1963, marks the reputed spot where these men were executed for defying colonial authority.

Hillsborough, NC

After Royal Governor William Tryon crushed the Regulators at the Battle of Alamance on May 16, 1771, retribution followed swiftly. Six of the captured Regulators were hanged a quarter mile east of here on June 19, 1771. Their execution marked the grim end of the War of the Regulation, a farmers' uprising against colonial corruption and taxation.

Georgetown, KY

In August 1812, Georgetown served as the rendezvous for Kentucky volunteers ordered north to relieve General Hull at Detroit. Their advance ended in catastrophe on the River Raisin in January 1813, where after taking Frenchtown the enemy attacked and killed, massacred, wounded, or captured all but thirty—fewer than half of the 1,050 men ever reached home. The rallying cry 'Remember the Raisin!' endured, and nine Kentucky counties bear the names of officers lost in the campaign.

Lansing, MI

This memorial in Lansing honors those who perished and those who persevered through the attacks of September 11, 2001. That day reshaped American life — nearly three thousand lives lost, two towers fallen, and a nation drawn into a new era of war and vigilance. Communities far from New York and Washington, like Michigan's capital, built their own places of remembrance to hold the grief and resolve of a shared national wound.

Baltimore, MD

In neighborhoods like Baltimore's Remington and Wyman Park, the Second World War touched nearly every household. As young men and women left their rowhouse blocks for battlefields, ships, and factories across the globe, communities gathered to honor the local sons and daughters who answered the call between 1941 and 1945. This memorial reflects the wave of neighborhood tributes raised across America in the war's aftermath, insisting that the sacrifice of ordinary people from ordinary streets be remembered.

Charleston, SC

During the American Revolution, Charleston was defended on its landward side by the Horn Work, a massive tabby-and-earthen fortification that anchored the American lines across the neck of the peninsula. In the spring of 1780 a British army under Sir Henry Clinton laid siege to the city, digging parallel trenches ever closer until the defenders were trapped. On May 12, 1780, the American garrison surrendered here, handing Britain one of the largest captures of Continental troops in the entire war. This surviving fragment of tabby is nearly all that remains of that once-imposing gateway defense.

Williamsport, PA · est. 2017

Founded in Williamsport in 1831 and named for its cherished director Daniel Repasz, the Repasz Band is among the oldest community bands in America. It reportedly played at Lee's surrender at Appomattox in 1865, marched in the inaugural parades of Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft as the band of the 12th Pennsylvania National Guard, and performed at the dedications of Grant's Tomb a century apart. Its signature "Repasz Band March" is still played the world over.

Evansville, IN

On this site during World War II, Republic Aviation Corporation ran a plant that became a linchpin of Evansville's remarkable wartime industrial mobilization. Between 1942 and 1945, more than five thousand men and women here built 6,242 P-47 Thunderbolts—the rugged, hard-hitting fighter prized for its speed and durability. Evansville, like many mid-American cities, transformed almost overnight from a regional manufacturing town into an arsenal-of-democracy powerhouse.

Laredo, TX

In January 1840, Antonio Canales and fellow Mexican Federalists met near Guerrero, along the Rio Grande, to proclaim the short-lived Republic of the Rio Grande. They were loyal to Mexico's liberal 1824 constitution, which centralist leaders in Mexico City had set aside, and their breakaway state claimed lands on both sides of the river with Laredo as a capital. The republic lasted less than a year before Canales reconciled with the central government.

Pampa, TX

On November 8, 1874, during the Red River War against the Southern Plains tribes, Lieutenant Frank D. Baldwin led two companies of U.S. troops in an attack on a large Cheyenne band about ten miles southwest of here, freeing two young girls held captive. The clash came amid the army's final campaign to force the Cheyenne, Comanche, and Kiowa onto reservations and open the Texas Panhandle to settlement.

Montgomery, TX

Born in Appomattox County, Virginia in 1829 and educated at Randolph-Macon College, Reuben Jonathan Palmer came to Texas in 1856 and made Montgomery his home as a lawyer. He served in the state's Ninth Legislature and, in 1861, sat in the Secession Convention that carried Texas out of the Union on the eve of the Civil War. He died in 1868, leaving a wife and three children.

Graford, TX

Alabama-born Reuben Vaughan migrated to Texas in 1852 and in 1854 brought his family to this area as the first permanent settlers in present Palo Pinto County, raising a cabin of cedar and stone. A farmer and stock raiser who kept friendly relations with the region's Indian tribes, he served in a frontier battalion protecting settlements during the Civil War and lies buried in this family cemetery.

Lander County, NV

This modest stone store, opened in 1863, became the launching point for one of the Civil War's most remarkable fundraising stunts. Merchant Reuel Colt Gridley lost an 1864 election wager and, honoring it, auctioned a sack of flour for the Sanitary Fund—the wartime forerunner of the American Red Cross. Resold again and again across Nevada, California, and finally at the St. Louis Sanitary Fair, the single sack raised roughly $275,000 for wounded Union soldiers, even as Gridley himself died nearly penniless six years later.

Fairfield, TX

A self-made North Carolinian who rafted timber at 21 to pay for schooling, George Washington Baines became a noted Texas Baptist leader—pastor to Sam Houston, founder of the state's first Baptist newspaper in 1855, and president of Baylor University during the hard Civil War years of 1861–63. He founded churches across the South and led congregations in wartime relief and prayer in Confederate Texas. One of his great-grandsons was Lyndon Baines Johnson, the 36th President of the United States.

Clearfield Township, PA · est. 2004

When the Civil War came, Richard C. Christy left this parish to serve as chaplain of the 78th Pennsylvania Volunteers, ministering to a regiment that was overwhelmingly not Catholic. In an age thick with anti-Catholic suspicion, he won over the soldiers with plain courage under fire, earning the nickname the "Fighting Chaplain of the Army of the Cumberland." He returned to his pastorate after the war, and hundreds of veterans came to bury him in 1878.

Calvert, TX

Born in South Carolina in 1815, Robert Crawford fought at San Jacinto, the 1836 battle that won Texas its independence, and went on to serve as a Methodist minister until his death in 1888. The State of Texas placed this marker in 1936, the centennial of Texas independence.

Montgomery Township, PA · est. 1947

On the mid-1750s frontier, the line between pulpit and battlement often blurred. The Reverend John Steel, pastor of the Upper West Conococheague congregation, was commissioned a militia captain, and his church at Church Hill was stockaded in 1755 to shield the community from raids during the French and Indian War. A house of worship thus doubled as a fortress in the war's most dangerous years.

Marlboro County, SC

During the American Revolution, a "cartel" was a formal agreement between opposing forces for the exchange of captured prisoners under agreed terms. In the Carolina backcountry, where the war became a brutal contest of raids and reprisals between Patriots and Loyalists, such arrangements offered a rare moment of negotiated order amid the chaos. This marker in Marlboro County recalls one of those understandings, a reminder that even a bitter civil conflict on the frontier followed certain rules of war.

Langhorne, PA · est. 1999

In the winter of 1776–77, the village then called Four Lanes End became a place of recovery and death for Continental soldiers. Wounded in the two Battles of Trenton and stricken by disease during that brutal winter, the men were treated in four hospital buildings here after Washington's forces passed through. Archaeological work in 1992 confirmed the burial ground, where written accounts say roughly 166 soldiers were laid to rest.

Hummelstown, PA · est. 2012

When British troops seized Philadelphia in 1777, Pennsylvania's revolutionary government fled westward and needed weapons for the fight. Near Hummelstown it set up its official state gun factory, working in secret from 1777 to 1779 to turn out muskets and rifles for the Continental Army. In an age when a single skilled gunsmith might finish only a few arms a month, the concentrated production here was a small but vital arsenal for a cause perpetually short of firepower.

Phoenixville, PA

This marker records the farthest inland point reached by British forces during their 1777 campaign to capture Philadelphia. In late September of that year, after the Battle of Brandywine, British and American armies maneuvered across Chester County — including the rain-drenched 'Battle of the Clouds' — before General Howe's troops pressed on toward the rebel capital and Washington's army withdrew.

Perkiomen Township, PA

In the autumn of 1777, George Washington's army fought a costly battle at Germantown just outside British-held Philadelphia. Among the wounded was Major Edward Sherburne of New Hampshire, an aide to General John Sullivan, who was struck down on October 4 and died the following evening. This grave marker remembers a young staff officer whose service ended far from home in the war's brutal Philadelphia campaign.

Cincinnati, OH

Placed in 1909 by the Cincinnati chapter of the Sons of the Revolution, this tablet honors Revolutionary War soldiers who, after winning independence, moved west to help settle the Ohio country and now lie buried in Hamilton County. The dates 1775 and 1783 mark the span of the war for independence. The memorial links the founding generation to the westward push that opened the trans-Appalachian frontier.