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Buffalo, NY

Standing in Buffalo's Front Park, overlooking the Niagara River that separates the United States from Canada, this memorial celebrates one of the world's longest peaceful borders. After the War of 1812 left the two nations bruised but eventually reconciled, the long, undefended boundary became a point of pride — a frontier guarded not by fortresses but by friendship. The monument was raised in the early twentieth century to mark roughly a century of unbroken peace between the two countries.

Frost, TX

Frost sprang up in 1887 when a post office was established to serve settlements along the St. Louis, Arkansas, and Texas Railroad, drawing businesses from the older nearby community of Cross Roads. Named for county judge and legislator Samuel R. Frost on land donated by R. J. Sanders, the town incorporated in 1893 and quickly gained churches, schools, banks, and its own weekly newspaper. A 1930 tornado destroyed or damaged many of its buildings.

Frost, TX

This Methodist congregation traces its origins to the 1860s at Cross Roads, a community a couple of miles south. After a railroad crossed Navarro County in 1887, both church and community relocated to the new rail town of Frost. A 1930 tornado that devastated the town destroyed the church building, and the congregation rebuilt this sanctuary in 1931, a symmetrical design with classical detailing, a central hipped roof, pedimented gable, and flanking pavilions.

Houston, TX

Frost Town grew up just east of the brand-new city of Houston on land owned by Jonathan Benson Frost, a veteran of Texas's war for independence who died of cholera barely a year after settling there. Subdivided by his brothers in 1838, it became one of Houston's earliest neighborhoods and drew successive waves of newcomers — German and Irish immigrants, railroad workers, freed people after the Civil War, and Mexican families in the twentieth century. Highways and industry eventually erased it, and today a city park marks where the community stood for more than a century.

Cherokee County, TX

A natural gap in a ridge near the headwaters of Gum Creek long guided travelers, including the Kickapoo, before the Fry family settled the creek in the 1840s. A small industrial hamlet grew up around Joseph Fry's grist mill and blacksmith shop and Rhome Ragsdale's brickyard, kiln, and cotton gin, and when the Texas & New Orleans Railway laid its line along the old trail in 1902, the depot became a shipping point for produce, lumber, and oilfield supplies. The community even hosted a traveling tent show each winter in the 1920s before fading away.

Wheeler, TX

Built in 1884 by 1877 settler Henry Frye, this native-stone home used windows and lumber hauled some 200 miles from Dodge City and boasted the first wood floors in the county. Frye had bought his land from a buffalo hunter who lived in a dugout, and from 1897 to 1909 the house served as the Frye Post Office, with mail coming out from Mobeetie. It stands as a rare early landmark of the Texas Panhandle frontier.

Fulton, TX

Founded in 1867 by George Ware Fulton on the shore of Aransas Bay, the town of Fulton grew up around fishing and shipping, with schools, churches, and businesses following quickly. A one-room schoolhouse of 1886 was later repurposed as city hall, and in modern times tourism and commercial fishing and shrimping have carried the local economy. Fulton formally incorporated in 1978.

Walnut Springs, TX

First known as the Morgan Cemetery for Kentucky-born Daniel Morgan, who came to Texas in 1834 and served in the Civil War with the Texas State Troops, this burial ground sits along the eastern fork of the Bosque River. Its earliest marked grave dates to 1880, and oral tradition holds that railroad workers were buried here because of the nearby rail line. After the Morgan family sold out and left around 1906, the name changed to Fulton, honoring the trustees who took over the land.

McConnellsburg, PA · est. 1982

Established from Bedford County in 1850, Fulton County honors Robert Fulton, the Pennsylvania-born pioneer of the steamboat. Its seat, McConnellsburg, was incorporated in 1814 in the ridges of south-central Pennsylvania. During the Civil War the county saw the first casualties of the Confederacy's Gettysburg Campaign, and in 1864 it hosted the last Confederate campsite on Pennsylvania soil.

Boling, TX

Built in 1909, this was the oldest home in Boling, a town founded in 1900 along the new Wharton–Palacios rail line. G. C. Mick, a Missouri wheat and stock farmer, arrived in Texas aboard a promotional 'Rice Special' excursion train in 1903; his son A. C. Mick designed the mansard-roofed house, built by Cuban carpenters, whose emergency bell and sturdy frame made it a hurricane refuge for neighbors.

Gloucester Township, NJ

The Gabrial Davies Tavern preserves one of the older buildings in the Gloucester Township area of colonial New Jersey, when a tavern was far more than a place to drink. Roadside taverns served as inns, courtrooms, meeting halls, and news exchanges for travelers moving through the young colony. This surviving structure carries the name of the family long associated with it.

Liberty Hill, TX

When Samuel Mather built a gristmill on the North San Gabriel River in 1852, a small community took root around it—complete with a store, a post office, and a log cabin that doubled as church, school, and lodge. Under later owner W. L. Brizendine the mill added a cotton gin, and the village of Gabriel Mills thrived on the traffic of area farmers. But when the Austin & Northwestern Railroad bypassed it in 1881, the town slowly withered, its post office closing in 1905 and its buildings gone by the 1920s.

Village of Malverne, NY

Gaddis Park honors Hamilton S. Gaddis (1891–1965), who served as mayor of the Village of Malverne from 1933 to 1941, guiding this Long Island village — served by the Long Island Rail Road — through the depths of the Great Depression. In 1971 the incorporated village dedicated the park and its flagpole in his memory. It is a hometown tribute that turned a patch of green into a small monument to civic service.

Seminole, TX

Created in 1876 and finally organized in 1905, Gaines County honors James Gaines, a Virginia-born pioneer who ran a ferry across the Sabine River in 1819, signed the Texas Declaration of Independence, and served in the Republic's Congress before dying in the California gold fields. The county grew into a land of cattle, oil, and farming, with Seminole as its seat. Its name links the wide-open plains of West Texas to the earliest days of Texas independence.

Milam, TX

This bridge carries the name of two Gaines brothers whose lives spanned the Sabine River borderland between Louisiana and Texas. James Gaines ran a ferry at this crossing from 1819 to 1844 and signed the Texas Declaration of Independence, while General Pendleton Gaines commanded U.S. troops posted nearby in 1836 to watch the fighting unfold across the river in Texas. The two states' highway departments jointly honored them here in 1936.

Gainesville, TX

As the U.S. Cavalry pushed roads across the West, the Army in 1879 placed Lt. Henry O. Flipper, the first African American graduate of West Point, in command of building a supply road from Fort Sill in Indian Territory to Gainesville, Texas. Flipper served with the Tenth Cavalry, the famed Buffalo Soldiers. Within two years the railroad reached elsewhere and eclipsed the route, but the road stood as a lasting mark of Black soldiers' work opening the West.

Franklin, PA · est. 1999

Founded in 1865 and led by Charles Miller and Joseph Sibley, the Galena-Signal Oil Company made premium lubricants that nearly every U.S. railroad relied on. In 1878 John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil bought it, using Galena's products as leverage to dominate the railroads and tighten its near-monopoly over American oil. The company regained independence after Standard Oil's court-ordered breakup in 1911 and was absorbed by Valvoline in 1931, with headquarters here from 1901 to 1931.

Galveston, TX

One of the oldest chambers of commerce in Texas, this body was informally organized in the spring of 1838 during the Republic of Texas and formally chartered in 1845. Its founders were a who's-who of early Texas — John K. Allen, co-founder of Houston; dairy pioneer Gail Borden; Michel B. Menard, a signer of the Texas Declaration of Independence; and colonizing contractors Samuel May Williams and Thomas F. McKinney. They organized local government, sold town lots, established mail routes, and above all promoted the waterborne commerce that made Galveston an island port.

Galveston, TX

After the catastrophic 1900 hurricane, Galveston County reinvented itself around its deep-water port and the petrochemical boom on the mainland. The 20th century brought a tin smelter, refineries, early Army aviation experiments from Texas City, and world-class medicine at the University of Texas Medical Branch. The county also endured the deadly 1947 Texas City disaster, when the freighter Grandcamp exploded, yet rebuilt and later joined the space age as neighbors to NASA's Manned Spacecraft Center.

Galveston, TX

Few places have packed so much Texas history onto one strip of sand as Galveston Island. Shipwrecked Spaniards met the Karankawa here in 1528, the pirate Jean Lafitte made it his headquarters, it served briefly as capital of the Republic in 1836, and it changed hands in the Civil War before the catastrophic hurricane of 1900 killed thousands and remade the city behind a great seawall.

Galveston, TX

Galveston was Texas's most important seaport during the Civil War, a cotton-exporting city with foreign consulates and a ring of mud forts and gun batteries. Even under Federal blockade, daring blockade runners slipped out to Nassau, Havana, and Europe, trading cotton for guns and medicine. Confederates under General John B. Magruder retook the city on January 1, 1863, and the Trans-Mississippi Department made its final surrender here—followed on June 19 by the Emancipation proclamation that gave rise to Juneteenth.

Galveston, TX

For generations the Gulf of Mexico was the great front door to Texas, and Galveston—blessed with the finest natural harbor between Pensacola and Veracruz—became its busiest gateway. While some settlers braved rough overland roads and predatory ferry operators, most arrived by sea, and Galveston grew as a sister port to New Orleans. Federal quarantine and immigration stations here processed tens of thousands of newcomers who then spread across the state.

Ganado, TX

Ganado began in 1882 as a stop on the New York, Texas & Mexican Railroad, and a railroad official gave it the Spanish word for "herd" — fitting for the ranch country it served. A decade later the little shipping point boomed as Scandinavian immigrants arrived to settle and farm the surrounding land. The town's growth followed the familiar Texas pattern in which the railroad decided which prairie crossroads would thrive.

Carson City, NV

From 1870 to 1918 this site held the ornate two-story home of Matthew Culbertson Gardner, rancher and lumberman, headquarters of his 300-acre ranch in the meadows to the south. Alongside it stood the Carson-Tahoe Lumber and Fluming Company's great lumberyard, and through the 1870s and 1880s Gardner logged south of Lake Tahoe—building the only standard-gauge logging railroad in the Tahoe Basin. Gardner died in 1908, and fire consumed the house in 1918, leaving only old shade trees behind.

Indianapolis, IN

At the turn of the 20th century, electric streetcars stitched American cities together, and destinations like Indianapolis's Garfield Park—one of the city's oldest public parks—were popular stops for weekend excursions. Riders waiting for the next car sheltered in small trackside pavilions built for the purpose. This structure survives as a tangible relic of the streetcar age, before the automobile reshaped how city dwellers moved and played.

Garland, TX

Garland grew from a cluster of 1840s prairie settlements around Duck Creek, where a single log cabin once served as school, church, and community hall. When two competing railroads laid tracks through the area in the 1880s, rival depot towns sprang up until a compromise post office site — named for U.S. Attorney General A. H. Garland — merged them into one incorporated city in 1891. The town weathered the Depression and boomed industrially after World War II.

Quitaque, TX

Cotton farmers began settling this High Plains area in 1903, and a new water well in 1906 drew still more. With the nearest gin ten miles away in Turkey, three partners bought a gasoline-powered engine and built their own gin here, ginning the first bale in April 1907. The gin gave rise to a town literally named Gasoline, which withered after the railroad bypassed it in 1927; the gin itself burned in 1938.

Gatesville, TX

Gatesville became the seat of newly created Coryell County in 1854, on a townsite donated by Indian trader Richard Grant and named for the nearby Old Fort Gates (1849–1852), a post established for protection against Native raids. The town grew slowly amid intermittent raids until a period of strong progress from 1870 to 1882, capped when the St. Louis & Southwestern railroad ran a spur line in 1882 to a jubilant public welcome. With the railroad came new homes, businesses, and even a frontier opera house.

Washoe County, NV

In the boom decades of Nevada's Comstock Lode, the Geiger Grade Toll Road carried silver-rush traffic between the mines of Virginia City and the ranches of the Truckee Meadows, and Geiger's Station was its busiest stop. With a toll house, blacksmith shops, barns, corrals, and the Magnolia House inn, it was a crossroads of freight outfits, stagecoaches, and weary teamsters. When the Virginia & Truckee Railroad reached Reno in 1872, the toll road faded, but the inn kept hosting travelers and dances until 1915.

New York, NY

In the spring of 1790, barely a year into his presidency and with the new federal government still finding its footing in nearby New York City, George Washington set out on a tour of Long Island, riding its country roads to see the land and meet the citizens of the young republic. This tablet marks one stretch of that journey through what is now Queens. It was placed in 1934 by the Matinecock Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution, part of a nationwide effort in that era to fix the memory of the founding generation onto the everyday landscape.

Galveston, TX

A Massachusetts-born officer who raised volunteers in Kentucky and Ohio, Sidney Sherman commanded a Texas regiment at San Jacinto in 1836 and is credited with first raising the battle cry "Remember the Alamo." He went on to serve the Republic of Texas, command Galveston's port for the Confederacy, and build the first railroad west of the Sabine River. This monument was erected by the state in 1936 for the Texas Centennial.

New York, NY

On the morning of June 15, 1904, the excursion steamer General Slocum caught fire in the East River while carrying more than a thousand passengers on a church outing. Most aboard were German immigrant families from Manhattan's Lower East Side neighborhood known as Little Germany, and the flames spread with terrible speed as rotted life preservers and unready lifeboats failed those on deck. The loss of over a thousand lives made it the deadliest day in New York City until the attacks of September 11, 2001.

Dunlay, TX

During the Mexican counter-invasions of 1842, General Adrián Woll marched an army north to seize San Antonio from the young Republic of Texas—and had a fresh road cut through the brush country so his column could approach undetected. Woll took the city by surprise that September, held it a week, and clashed with Texian volunteers at Salado Creek before retreating along the same secret road. The route long outlived the campaign, serving settlers and freight haulers for decades.

Castroville, TX

In 1846, as the United States went to war with Mexico, General John Ellis Wool gathered 3,400 troops in San Antonio for an intended march on Chihuahua, crossing the Medina River and passing through Castroville before orders redirected him to reinforce General Zachary Taylor. The path his army traced—echoing an earlier Mexican retreat—hardened into the Chihuahua Road, a vital artery of westward trade. Castroville's central position and reliable water made it a thriving stop for travelers and freighters.

Maydelle, TX

Perched atop Gent Mountain between two creeks, the village of Gent was settled in the 1850s by families from Alabama and Tennessee seeking good farmland. They quickly raised churches and schools, and by 1900 the village supported stores, mills, and cotton gins. But when the Texas State Railroad bypassed it and the town of Maydelle was founded nearby in 1910, business drained away, and today not a single structure of Gent remains.

West Brandywine Township, PA · est. 2021

On this Chester County farm at the turn of the 20th century, George A. Spratt pursued the science of flight, running aeronautical experiments during the years when human flight was still a dream. His insight helped Wilbur and Orville Wright diagnose a flaw in their 1901 glider, and his idea of measuring lift and drift forces together informed the wing design of the 1903 Wright Flyer. The Wright brothers thought enough of him to visit here in December 1906.

Wichita Falls, TX

George Alonzo Soule ran freight and stage lines in Jacksboro and Fort Griffin before following the Fort Worth and Denver Railroad to Wichita Falls in 1883. From this site near the business district he hauled passengers and goods across North Texas and into Oklahoma—occasionally at the mercy of highwaymen—until rail traffic finally overtook the stagecoach and he shifted to running livery barns.

Radnor Township, PA · est. 2018

George H. Earle III, born and raised in Radnor, served as governor of Pennsylvania from 1935 to 1939 and led a state-level answer to the Depression known as the "Little New Deal." His administration created more than 200,000 jobs, launched the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission, and enacted labor, civil rights, and unemployment-compensation laws. A decorated veteran of both World Wars, Earle later served Franklin Roosevelt as American minister to Austria and then Bulgaria on the eve of the Second World War.

Galveston, TX

George H. Nicholls arrived in Galveston as a mariner and found his fortune in the warehouse trade, starting as the first employee of Geo. M. Steirer & Co. In 1888 he and a partner bought out their employer to form Wiley & Nicholls, a warehousing and freight-transfer firm at 19th Street and the Strand. As the business prospered, Nicholls built this home in 1893—the first house on 24th Street—living here until moving to a larger residence in 1899.

Robstown, TX

Robstown sprang up in 1903 where two rail lines crossed, and boomed after land developer George H. Paul assembled some 300,000 acres of former ranch land and carved it into cotton farms, running special trains to recruit buyers from the East and Midwest. The two-story brick Paul Building, raised here in 1908, was the town's hub — general store, first school, church meeting room, and later the bank whose stability carried it through the Great Depression. The building came down in 1972, replaced by a modern bank on the same ground.

Monroe, WA

George Hett Shearer (1885–1951) spent more than three decades with the Washington Department of Highways, from 1919 until his death, during the formative era when the state laid out the modern road network that opened its mountains and valleys to the automobile. Highway engineers of his generation translated the nation's early twentieth-century road-building fervor into the bridges, grades, and routes that reshaped travel. This marker honors his long service to that work.

Perryton, TX

An Iowa native, George Morgan Perry came to the raw Texas Panhandle in 1886 and helped stitch a frontier region into an organized county, serving as clerk and judge. A tireless booster of the railroads then reaching the plains, he was honored when the Santa Fe placed a townsite on its line in 1919 and named it Perryton for him. As the town's first Chamber of Commerce president, he promoted its settlement and growth until his death in 1944.

Wasilla, AK

In 1973 Alaska's State Highway Route 3 — the roughly 320-mile artery linking Anchorage and Fairbanks — was formally named the George Parks Highway. Its namesake, George Alexander Parks, served as territorial governor of Alaska in the 1920s and early 1930s, a period when road-building slowly began to knit the vast territory together.

Village of Patchogue, NY · est. 1999

On April 22, 1790, President George Washington dined at Hart's Tavern during his tour of Long Island, part of a series of journeys he made to see the new nation firsthand. Roadside taverns like this served as the inns, meeting halls, and waystations of early America. The marker recalls the day the first President passed through this Suffolk County community.

Timpson, TX

George Washington Green came to Texas in 1878 with little more than the labor of his own hands, starting as a sharecropper before buying his first land in 1883. When the Houston East & West Texas Railroad pushed its line through Shelby County, Green shrewdly bought acreage along the tracks and grew into a prominent landowner running a general store and cotton gin. The Bobo community rose on his land, and in 1905 he created Green's Lake, a beloved spot for picnics, swimming, and church baptisms for decades.

Paris, TX

Born in Virginia in 1793 and a veteran of the War of 1812, George Washington Stell, Sr. joined the wave of settlers pouring into the young Republic of Texas in the late 1830s. A farmer, surveyor, and builder who was deaf, he raised the first courthouse in Paris after it became the Lamar County seat in 1844. He also charted the Central National Road, a 130-mile artery from the Trinity River to the Red River that helped draw settlers into northeast Texas.

East Pittsburgh, PA · est. 1948

George Westinghouse was one of the towering inventors of America's industrial age, credited with the railroad air brake and some four hundred other patents. From his base in Pittsburgh he championed alternating-current electricity, the system that won the 'War of the Currents' and made it possible to transmit power across long distances. The company he founded turned his ideas into an industrial empire that helped electrify the modern world.

Martin County, FL

In the age when tall ships still carried the world's cargo, the Georges Valentine — an iron-hulled Italian bark launched at Liverpool in 1869 — beat down the Florida coast bound from Pensacola to Buenos Aires with a hold full of lumber. On October 16, 1904, a storm drove her onto the rocks off Stuart, wrecking the vessel and stranding her crew on this exposed shore. Her scattered iron remains still rest in the shallows here, one of the coast's most tangible reminders of the perils of open-water commerce.

Washoe County, NV

Set between the Black Rock and Smoke Creek deserts, Gerlach lies in country peopled for thousands of years by the Northern Paiute. John C. Frémont camped here in 1843 and named the nearby Boiling Springs, and later this was emigrant ground, where the Nobles Road branched off the Applegate-Lassen Trail and pushed southwest toward Susanville. The town itself took shape only after the Western Pacific Railroad laid track through the region between 1905 and 1909.

Gettysburg, PA · est. 1954

Before Gettysburg was a name known to the nation, it was a crossroads where the Shippensburg-Baltimore and Philadelphia-Pittsburgh roads met, anchored by the tavern of Samuel Gettys. Taverns at such junctions were the gathering places of colonial life, and in 1775 men mustered here for Continental service as the Revolution began. The Gettys family's crossroads would later lend its name to the town and, eventually, to one of the most famous battles in American history.

Saratoga, TX

Ghost Road runs arrow-straight through the Big Thicket along the bed of an old Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe branch line that once carried timber between Bragg and Saratoga. Tales of a mysterious light appeared while the trains still ran and only grew after the line became a county road in the 1930s, fueled by newspaper editor Arthur Fullingim's published sightings. Explained over the years as swamp gas, hidden Spanish gold, or restless spirits, the road drew crowds of the curious and, in the late 1990s, became a protected natural resource prized for its flora and fauna.

Teague, TX

Settled before 1848, Cotton Gin took its name from the mule-drawn gin Dr. J. S. Wills built here, and it gained a post office in 1851 as Freestone County organized. Though Wills offered land for a courthouse, voters declined to make it the county seat, and the thriving town — with three churches, a school, a newspaper, and a Masonic Lodge — faded in the 1870s when the Houston & Texas Central Railroad laid its tracks a few miles west. Its businesses drifted toward the rails, leaving Cotton Gin a ghost town.

Hereford, TX

Across the Texas Panhandle, the settlement map is written as much in vanished towns as in surviving ones, and Deaf Smith County is a vivid example. La Plata, once known as Grenada, was a bustling county seat and a key stop on the New Mexico–Amarillo Road in the 1880s and 1890s—until its buildings and county government were simply hauled off to Hereford in 1898. Nearby Ayr, Escarbada on the great XIT Ranch, Dean, Mirage, and Kelso each flickered into existence as post offices before fading away entirely.

Iraan, TX

When mail, passengers, and freight still moved across West Texas by stagecoach, the San Antonio–El Paso line threaded the desolate Chihuahua Trail, or Lower Road. George H. Giddings took over the run in 1854 and built a string of stations; the one raised near the Pecos River's "S" crossing in 1858 offered adobe-and-limestone shelter, a corral of horses and mules, and water from a hand-dug well. Reported destroyed during Indian raids in 1862, the remote post's exact site stayed uncertain until 21st-century archeology pinpointed its foundations.

Milford Township, PA · est. 1948

As the first chief of the U.S. Forest Service, Gifford Pinchot built the framework for managing America's national forests, then carried that reforming energy into the Pennsylvania governor's office. His first term overhauled state government; his second became famous for paving farm-to-market roads across the commonwealth to fight Depression-era unemployment and, as he put it, "get the farmer out of the mud." This very stretch of road was among those improved, near his family home at Grey Towers.

Farmers Branch, TX

Dr. Samuel H. Gilbert reached Texas about 1850 and by 1857 had built this native-limestone house on 275 acres, combining a medical practice with farming and livestock. A community leader, he helped outfit a local militia unit during the Civil War and later drew the railroad through Farmers Branch by selling land to the Dallas & Wichita line in 1874. The vernacular center-passage house, with Greek Revival touches and twin chimneys, is a rare survivor of early Texas homebuilding.

Martin County, FL

Commissioned in 1875, Gilbert's Bar House of Refuge was one of nine such stations the U.S. Life-Saving Service built along Florida's then-remote east coast. Their purpose was humane and simple: a keeper and his family lived here year-round to feed, clothe, shelter, and carry to safety anyone cast ashore by shipwreck or storm. Today it stands as the last survivor of those nine, a rare relic of the government's first organized effort to rescue mariners.

Rocksprings, TX

When Jesse Walter Gilmer raised his two-story frame hotel in 1916, Rocksprings was a remote ranching center where traveling salesmen, cattlemen, and visitors needed lodging and a hot meal. Its dining room fed townspeople and even the county jail's prisoners, and in hard moments the hotel became a refuge — sheltering influenza patients during the World War I epidemic and, in 1927, survivors of a devastating tornado.

Marshall, TX

Italian immigrant Charles Ginocchio arrived in Marshall in 1871 and built up holdings near the Texas & Pacific depot—including the ground where a notorious 1879 shooting left actor Maurice Barrymore wounded and Ben Porter dead. In 1893–96 he raised this three-story brick hotel with stores, a café, a ballroom, dining room, and forty guest rooms, finished with rare hand-carved curly pine. Threatened with demolition, it was rescued and restored in the late 1960s.

Gladewater, TX

Founded in 1827 as St. Clair a few miles east, the settlement moved to Glade Creek and the Texas & Pacific Railway in 1872 and took the name Gladewater. Its population exploded from 500 to 7,000 after oil was discovered in 1931, turning the farming and dairy town into a production and refining hub. The town became known for its East Texas Quarter Horse Show and a nationally known rodeo held in a converted salt-water disposal pit.