Civil War

Roxton, TX

This quiet country burial ground grew up around the 1860 grave of a one-year-old child on Herbert Lee's farm, and he set the land aside for a cemetery in his Civil War-era will. Most of those laid to rest here were buried between 1870 and 1890, in the lean years of Reconstruction when few could afford ornate stones. Among them rest a citizen of the Republic of Texas and veterans of the Civil War.

Quitman, TX

North Carolina natives Benjamin and Alice Lee arrived around 1853 and built up a cotton plantation of more than 1,230 acres worked by their large family and enslaved people. Benjamin became a community leader and county commissioner, and the family burial ground begun at his death in 1856 gradually opened to neighbors and grew into a thirteen-acre public cemetery. Its graves—including four Lee sons who served in the Confederate army, alongside bankers, a mayor, a doctor, and newspaper publishers—read like a roster of the community's history.

Seagoville, TX

When James J. Lee donated this 1.125-acre tract in 1870, he made a deliberate act of charity: plots were never to be sold. As the first cemetery in southeast Dallas County, it became a democratic resting place, gathering some 1,500 burials that cut across the era's hard lines of race and rank — a Confederate founder, a Mexican War general, dozens of people of Mexican descent, and an enslaved man brought to Texas in 1855.

Giddings, TX

Straddling the Old San Antonio Road on land first surveyed for Moses and Stephen F. Austin's colony, Lee County became in 1854 the heart of Wendish settlement in America, when Pastor Johann Kilian led his Sorbian-speaking congregation from Central Europe to a new home here. Their school was the only one in the United States to teach in Wendish, a Slavic language that survives in the modern world chiefly here and in Australia. The county was organized in 1874 and named for Confederate general Robert E. Lee, with Giddings as its seat.

Fredericksburg, VA

During the Battle of Fredericksburg in December 1862, Confederate commander Robert E. Lee took up a position on this elevated ground, which afforded a sweeping view of the battlefield along the Rappahannock River. From this vantage—soon nicknamed "Lee's Hill"—he watched Union General Ambrose Burnside hurl waves of troops against the entrenched Confederate lines below. The assaults, especially against the stone wall at Marye's Heights, ended in one of the most lopsided Union defeats of the war.

Lemley, TX

The earliest grave here, dating to 1857, lies on land the Thomas B. Martin family settled in 1853 on the raw Texas frontier. After Martin sold the tract to the Lemley brothers, who had come from Illinois in the 1850s, the burial ground took their name and served family, friends, and neighboring settlers — including at least five Civil War veterans, with many graves marked only by native stones.

Galveston, TX

A Connecticut sea captain's son who went to sea at fourteen, Lent Munson Hitchcock left New England to join the fledgling Texas Navy around 1836. He came to Galveston in 1837 and became part of the port city's early leadership, serving as harbor master, alderman, and treasurer before volunteering for the Confederate army. Active as a Mason and Episcopalian, he left his name on the town of Hitchcock, christened for him in 1891.

Fannett, TX

Leo Edward Craigen's life traced the arc of the post-Civil War South. Wounded at the bloody Battle of Shiloh in 1862, he lost a leg to surgery yet returned to serve with the Confederate cavalry until the war's end. He rebuilt an ordinary but rooted life in Jefferson County, Texas — teaching at the Taylor's Bayou School, marrying one of his own students, and finally carrying the rural mail through the Fannett area for the last fifteen years of his life.

Mount Joy, TX

Born in Virginia in 1840, Leroy Nelson DeWitt came to this corner of North Texas with his parents in 1854 and put down deep roots as a merchant and farmer. He married Mary Collier in 1861 and, the next year, joined the Confederacy to serve on the frontier through the end of the Civil War. Afterward he became a recognized leader in the area's civic, church, and business affairs until his death in 1918.

Galveston, TX

Levi Charles Myers Harby, born in South Carolina in 1793, served in the U.S. Navy during the War of 1812 and spent two years as a prisoner of war in England after his prize ship was recaptured. By 1836 he had "gone to Texas," and he later settled in Galveston, where his wife Leonora founded the first Jewish Sunday school in Texas and the city's Ladies Hebrew Benevolent Society. When the Civil War came, Harby served the Confederacy as an artillery captain aboard the CSS Neptune in the Battle of Galveston and ended the war commanding the harbor.

Buckholts, TX

This burial ground reaches back to the 1830s colonies of Sterling C. Robertson, when Thomas Curry—whose late wife Satsa Vann was a Cherokee leader's daughter—brought his family to a league of land along Little River. His descendants married into the Lewis family, prominent in building the communities of Corinth, Buckholts and Cameron; Squire William Michael Lewis, a justice of the peace and Confederate cavalryman, was buried beneath a ranch oak in 1867, founding the cemetery. A typhoid epidemic a decade later added more graves to a plot whose burials mostly predate 1900.

Garrison, TX

The community once called Miller's Mill was settled in the early 1800s and renamed Libby in 1898 for the postmaster's daughter, the same year its cemetery received its first burial. Among those laid to rest here is Thomas Farrell, an Irish immigrant born in 1845 who served in the Vermont Infantry of the Union Army before moving to Texas in 1877. Families began organized upkeep around 1918, keeping the ground as a record of the area's pioneers.

Stephenville, TX

Marion D. and Harriet Pryor Kelley settled in the Liberty community in the mid-1880s and, in 1891, deeded land to Erath County for a cemetery and school. The oldest grave, dated 1890, is that of an infant son of the Handy family, and later burials include Civil War veterans John Bell Moring and A. Amariah Swanner and German immigrant Henry Hunt. The varied gravestones—granite, sandstone, marble, and limestone—bear emblems of the Masons, Order of the Eastern Star, and Woodmen of the World.

Hempstead, TX

Named for Justo Liendo, the original Spanish grantee, this 1853 estate became the model plantation of Leonard W. Groce, who ringed his mansion with its own industries. During the Civil War it served as Camp Groce, first a training camp and then a Confederate prison, and in 1865 it was occupied by Gen. George Custer, years before Little Bighorn. From 1873 to 1911 it belonged to the family of celebrated sculptor Elisabet Ney, who is commemorated on the grounds.

Paris, TX

Alabama-born Henry William Lightfoot, a Confederate veteran of Forrest's Cavalry, came to Paris, Texas, in 1872 as law partner to Sam Bell Maxey and married Maxey's adopted daughter Dora two years later. The young couple built this house across from the Maxey home, its double gallery trimmed in Eastlake-style millwork and its lumber hauled from Jefferson. Lightfoot went on to serve as a state senator and chief justice of the 5th Court of Civil Appeals before his death in 1901; the Coleman family later restored the home in the 1950s.

Athens, TX

On a hill above the water, this family cemetery holds generations of Henderson County pioneers who arrived in the 1850s and 1860s to endure the hardships of early Texas life. Among them lie James Wilburn Miller, a Tennessee-born Civil War veteran, and his grandson Isadore, killed in action in World War I. Iron-ore rocks are said to mark several Indian graves, and the long-neglected burial ground was recently restored.

Cumberland Township, PA

This monument in the Gettysburg National Cemetery grounds commemorates Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address, delivered on November 19, 1863, about 300 yards away during the cemetery's dedication. In barely two minutes and 272 words, Lincoln recast the war as a test of whether a nation 'conceived in liberty' could endure, and rededicated the living to 'a new birth of freedom.' The actual spot of the speech is marked nearby by the Soldiers' National Monument.

Progress, PA · est. 1994

Founded in 1827 by the Wesley Union A.M.E. Zion Church, this cemetery became a resting place for central Pennsylvania's Black community across generations. Among its graves are those of journalist and Civil War officer T. Morris Chester, educator and abolitionist William Howard Day, and more than twenty Civil War veterans. Each headstone marks a life that helped build free Black institutions in the decades around emancipation.

Gettysburg, PA · est. 2003

Founded in 1867 by the Sons of Good Will, Lincoln Cemetery gave Gettysburg's African American citizens and soldiers a dignified resting place they were otherwise denied. Roughly thirty veterans of the United States Colored Troops lie here — men who fought for the Union but were barred by segregation from burial in the town's famous National Cemetery. Later generations of Black veterans from the Spanish-American War through Korea joined them in ground first known as Good Will Cemetery and renamed for Lincoln in 1920.

Springfield, IL · est. 1972

Lincoln bought this Springfield house as a young lawyer and rising politician. He left it in 1861 for Washington, telling neighbors he might never return — and he did not.

Washington, DC

Rising at the western end of the National Mall, the Lincoln Memorial honors the sixteenth president who led the nation through the Civil War and preserved the Union. Designed by Henry Bacon as a Greek-style temple and dedicated in 1922, its central chamber holds Daniel Chester French's colossal seated statue of Lincoln, flanked by the carved words of the Gettysburg Address and his Second Inaugural. The famous dedicatory inscription above his head proclaims that Lincoln's memory is enshrined forever in this temple and in the hearts of the people he served.

Honesdale, PA · est. 1968

In May 1859, the influential editor Horace Greeley reportedly met with political allies in this building to lay groundwork for an unlikely presidential bid by Abraham Lincoln. The maneuvering echoed the coalition-building that would carry Lincoln to the Republican nomination at the 1860 Chicago convention. Such backroom parleys were where the anti-slavery Republican Party's strategy took shape on the eve of the sectional crisis.

Warren, TX

When young W. C. Lindsey was dying of tuberculosis in 1898, he asked to rest on his family's own land, and his grieving parents opened this cemetery in answer. The family had come west from Mississippi in the 1840s, part of the great Anglo migration into the Texas frontier, and two of its sons marched off as Confederate soldiers—one of whom also served in the state legislature. Nearly fifty graves now cluster on the ground the Lindseys claimed as theirs.

Trawick, TX

This cemetery has served the Linn Flat community since the mid-nineteenth century, its land deeded by John Polk in 1849 with the stipulation that he lie at its center. The earliest burial, unmarked, dates to 1837, while the oldest marked grave belongs to Polk's wife, who died in 1855. The town of Linn Flat, named for its groves of linn trees, thrived until the railroad bypassed it in 1903, but families have kept the burial ground and its annual homecoming reunions alive for more than a century.

Yorktown, TX

Amid the great mid-nineteenth-century European migration to Texas, a small group of Lithuanians settled around Yorktown in DeWitt County—so thoroughly absorbed into the larger German community that their story was long forgotten. The first family, David and Dora Stanchos, arrived about 1852, making them among the earliest documented Lithuanian immigrants to America, and roughly seventy more followed by 1874, most from the Gumbinnen region of East Prussia. They farmed, became citizens, fought on both sides of the Civil War, and left their dead in the Jonischkies Cemetery south of town.

Hamilton Township, OH

In the decades before the Civil War, freedom seekers escaping slavery in Kentucky and the South pushed north through Ohio, and southwestern Ohio's rivers were both obstacles and guideposts. At this spot along the Little Miami, people fleeing bondage waded across the water on their way to Butterworth Station, one of the Quaker-linked safe havens that laced Warren County into the wider Underground Railroad network. The 2022 marker, placed by Friends of the Twenty Mile House, fixes that dangerous night crossing to a real place on the map.

Gilmer, TX

Burials on this steep rise called "Little Mound" may reach back to the late 1860s, before residents of the pioneer village of Calloway organized Little Mount Baptist Church in 1878 in a former Union church and schoolhouse. Over the decades the congregation rebuilt three times, thriftily reusing the same lumber from one meetinghouse to the next. Among those buried here is Emma Sansom Johnson, remembered as a Confederate heroine who as a sixteen-year-old guided General Nathan Bedford Forrest's troops across a river in her native Alabama before later settling in Texas.

Austin, TX

George W. Littlefield came to Texas as a boy in 1850, rode with Terry's Texas Rangers in the Civil War, and emerged a major who turned to the cattle business, amassing great ranches across New Mexico and the Texas Panhandle. Settling in Austin in 1883, he moved into banking and served as a regent of the University of Texas, funding buildings, scholarships, and library collections. He built this Victorian residence in 1894 and left it to the university on his death.

Jefferson, TX

Royal and Martha Lockett came to Texas from Georgia in the late 1850s with their eleven surviving children and the people they enslaved, and seven of their eight living sons went on to serve in the Confederate Army. The earliest marked grave is that of young Walter R. McGarity, a Lockett grandson who died in 1862. Family memory holds that a Union soldier who died on the Lockett Plantation was also buried here, and by 1999 the grounds held Confederate and World War II veterans among six generations of descendants.

Henderson, TX

Henry T. Lockridge settled in Rusk County in the 1850s and, after serving in the Confederate Army, bought the land in 1863 where he and his wife Jane spent the rest of their lives. The family cemetery on that property holds its oldest marked grave from 1881, though earlier burials are believed to lie there. Long inactive after the 1940s, it saw new burials again beginning in 2004, and much of the surrounding land is still owned by Lockridge descendants.

Shippensburg, PA · est. 2007

Since the early 19th century, Locust Grove Cemetery has been the resting place of enslaved and free Black residents of the Shippensburg area, and the site of the town's first African American church, founded in the 1830s. In 1842 Edward Shippen Burd granted the land to the local Black community, and for well over a century it remained the only public cemetery in the area open to African Americans. Among its graves are twenty-six Civil War soldiers, alongside veterans of every American conflict through Vietnam.

Altoona, PA · est. 1947

In September 1862, with the Civil War at a grim turning point, the governors of the loyal Northern states gathered at the Logan House, a famous railroad hotel that once stood on this site. Pennsylvania's Governor Andrew Curtin called the conference, and the assembled governors pledged their states' support to President Lincoln at a moment when he was preparing the Emancipation Proclamation. Their united stand helped steady the Union war effort.

Mart, TX

This McLennan County burial ground began as land bought in 1880 by trustees of the Lone Oak School for a church and school. It was pressed into use as a cemetery by September 1881, when the infant son of the Goodman family was laid to rest here. Confederate veterans and a lone Union veteran of the Civil War also lie among the pioneer dead.

Cumby, TX

In the late 1830s, Texas Rangers camped in a grove of blackjack oaks west of present-day Cumby, and settlers gathered nearby for protection at a place called Black Jack Grove. To the south, James M. and Mary Long settled along Turkey Creek in the 1850s, reportedly setting aside land around 1860 to bury a girl who died as her family passed through. The oldest marked grave belongs to John M. Webb (d. 1869), and among later burials rest Civil War veterans and Woodmen of the World members.

Granbury, TX

Also called Temple Hall Cemetery, this burial ground is the last trace of two vanished pioneer settlements—Temple Hall and Center Mill—that grew up along Long Creek in the mid-1800s. Its earliest known graves are the Haley children, who died in 1864 and 1865, and it holds judges, county officials, mill builder Thomas Parkinson, and veterans of conflicts reaching back to the Civil War. A cemetery association has tended the grounds since about 1909.

Burnet, TX

Long before it became a tourist attraction, this Hill Country cavern sheltered a remarkable cast of characters. Native peoples knew it well, Texas Rangers reportedly rescued a captive here, and Confederates manufactured gunpowder in its chambers during the Civil War. Later, outlaws said to include the Sam Bass gang hid in its depths, and it even housed a nightclub before opening to the public in 1932.

Macomb, IL

Part of Illinois's 'Looking for Lincoln' heritage trail, this marker ties Macomb to Abraham Lincoln through a photograph and his appearances at the McDonough County Courthouse. As a circuit-riding lawyer and rising politician in the 1850s, Lincoln crossed western Illinois arguing cases and building the reputation that carried him to the presidency.

Corpus Christi, TX

Prussian-born Louis de Planque came to the Rio Grande borderlands during the Civil War, when Confederate cotton pouring through Brownsville and Matamoros made boomtowns of both. He photographed Union and Confederate troops alike and weathered devastating hurricanes in 1867 and 1875 that twice destroyed his studios. Rebuilding each time, the flamboyant "Don Luis" spent his final decades as Corpus Christi's celebrated portrait photographer, training his wife Eugenie to carry on the business.

Galveston, TX

Louis Trezevant Wigfall (1816–1874) was a South Carolina–born lawyer and firebrand who rose through Texas politics to the U.S. Senate, where he became one of the most uncompromising voices for Southern secession. On the eve of the Civil War he famously rowed out to Fort Sumter as an aide to General Beauregard to press its surrender, then served the Confederacy as a colonel of the 1st Texas Infantry, a brigadier general, and a Confederate senator. Texas placed this marker in 1963.

Woodville, TX

Philip A. Work came to Texas in 1838 and represented Tyler County at the 1861 secession convention before raising Company F of Hood's famed Texas Brigade. As lieutenant colonel he commanded the Texans from 1862 to 1864, including at Sharpsburg (Antietam), where the brigade suffered over 82% casualties—among the greatest losses of any unit in the war. He led the Texas Brigade on the second day at Gettysburg and through the Confederate victory at Chickamauga in 1863 before returning home in failing health.

Galveston, TX

Edward Lea, a Maryland-born Naval Academy graduate, stayed loyal to the Union at the Civil War's outbreak despite his father Albert's urging him to join the Confederacy. As first officer of the U.S.S. Harriet Lane, he fought in the Battle of Galveston on New Year's Day 1863 against Confederate forces whose commander's staff included his own father. Mortally wounded, Edward is said to have spoken his last words — 'My father is here' — as Albert reached his dying son on the deck.

New York, NY

This plaque honors a young Marine Corps lieutenant, born in 1944, who was killed in action during the Vietnam War in 1968. By that year American involvement in Vietnam had reached its peak, and 1968 is remembered as one of the conflict's costliest years for U.S. forces. The memorial was placed by the Marine Corps League and its Order of Devil Dogs — fraternal organizations of Marine veterans who keep faith with their fallen. It stands as one community's promise that a local Marine's sacrifice would not be forgotten.

Lubbock, TX

Created in 1876 and organized in 1891, Lubbock County honors Colonel Thomas S. Lubbock (1817-1862), a soldier of the Texas Revolution and Republic. Lubbock marched with the New Orleans Greys at the storming of Bexar, joined the ill-fated Santa Fe and Somervell expeditions, and in 1861 helped organize the famous Terry's Texas Rangers before his death. The county he named became the anchor of the South Plains.

Brenham, TX

In 1849, Ludwig and Carolyn Lehmann left Hamburg for the Texas coast with their sons and Ludwig's aged mother, who died on the grueling three-month Atlantic crossing and was buried at sea. Settling near Brenham, the family farmed and helped anchor the German Lutheran community of Berlin, donating land for its Ebenezer Evangelical Lutheran Church. This burial ground holds the first family members laid to rest in their adopted country, and the German-ordered grave markers a son later commissioned still speak to ties never fully cut.

Cumberland Township, PA

This War Department tablet records the service of the Madison (Mississippi) Light Artillery, Ward's Battery, on July 3, 1863. Its Napoleon guns took part in the tremendous cannonade that preceded Longstreet's assault — the charge remembered as Pickett's Charge — before withdrawing to a position nearby. The marker notes that the battery's howitzer was held in the rear and saw no action that day.

Madisonville, LA

After Union forces captured Madisonville, soldiers "on fatigue duty" dug these fortifications between January and March 1864 to guard the town against Confederate raids from the countryside. The line was a trench fronted by an abatis — a barrier of felled trees with sharpened points aimed outward — running westward across town. The Union held Madisonville to draw off its timber, lumber, turpentine, tar, and bricks for the Department of the Gulf.

El Paso, TX

Kentucky-born trader James Wiley Magoffin began buying land here in 1849, building a home and trading complex that became one of early American El Paso's four population centers. From 1854 to 1868 the U.S. Army post of Fort Bliss stood on his leased ground, and during the Civil War federal forces confiscated and damaged his property. After his 1868 death his family regained land, and his son Joseph became an early El Paso real estate and immigration promoter.

Salado, TX

Archibald Johnson Rose made a fortune in the 1849 California Gold Rush before bringing his family to Texas, serving as a Confederate major, and settling in Salado in 1870. A progressive farmer, he helped found the first Texas Grange in 1873 and then the statewide Grange, building cooperatives, textile mills, and an insurance company while lobbying for farmer protections and better schools. He served on school boards and the boards of Salado College, Mary Hardin-Baylor, and Texas A&M.

San Angelo, TX

Dubbed the "Mystery Man of the Confederacy," Ben Ficklin packed extraordinary adventure into 44 years: a corporal in the Mexican War at 18, a pioneer of Western stagecoach and mail lines, a founder of the Pony Express in 1860, and an early promoter of the transcontinental railroad. During the Civil War he ran Union blockades as a Confederate purchasing agent, and afterward won a U.S. mail contract, headquartering near Fort Concho—until he died in 1871 from swallowing a fish bone. A town later named for him became Tom Green County's first seat until an 1882 flood destroyed it.

Bryan County, GA

This emplacement, placed nearest the enemy, held an 8-inch columbiad commanded personally by Major John B. Gallie at Fort McAllister. The fort's earthwork batteries traded fire with Union warships pressing up the Ogeechee River toward Savannah. Gallie was killed during the bombardment of the fort in 1863.

Detroit, MI

This Detroit monument honors Alpheus Starkey Williams, called a 'hero of two wars' for his service in the Mexican-American War and as a Union general in the Civil War, where he led troops from Antietam to Gettysburg and through the Georgia and Carolinas campaigns. Beyond the battlefield he was a judge, newspaper editor, postmaster, diplomat, and member of Congress. The equestrian statue on Belle Isle marks him as one of the city's most distinguished public servants.

Jones Creek, TX

Guy M. Bryan rode a mule to Texas in 1831 to join his uncle, Stephen F. Austin, and grew up to serve as a private in the war for independence, then as a legislator, congressman, and delegate to the Secession Convention. Enlisting again as a private when the Civil War came, his political skill quickly made him an indispensable troubleshooter — arranging conferences of Trans-Mississippi governors, pressing Jefferson Davis for a strong military department west of the river, and untangling disputes over the cotton trade that was the Confederacy's lifeblood. He served as confidential adjutant to Davis and the region's commanding general before dying in 1901.

Stonewall, TX

A Civil War veteran turned stage-line operator, Israel M. Nunez founded the community of Stonewall in 1870 and named it in tribute to Confederate General Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson. Raising a family of nine south of town, Nunez helped anchor the settlement by donating land in 1886 for Stonewall School No. 18. His life traces the arc of a defeated Confederacy rebuilding itself in the Texas Hill Country.

Tyler, TX

James P. Douglas came to Texas in 1848 and in 1861 led Tyler and Dallas men to form the Good-Douglas Battery, the only Texas artillery unit to serve east of the Mississippi. Praised for his gallantry at Chickamauga, he returned home to a remarkable civil career as newspaper editor, lawyer, state senator, railroad president, and pioneer of East Texas's fruit and canning industries. A local school bears his name.

Tyler, TX

Major John Dean's family bought this East Texas land in 1863 with pay he sent home while serving the Confederacy, and after the war he built a home worthy of it. Using heart-pine lumber he milled and seasoned himself, and brick fired from farm clay by a formerly enslaved man named Jesse Duckinfield, Dean raised the finest house in the community in 1872. Generations of his family have kept it since.

Town of Caneadea, NY

In 1782, as the Revolutionary War's frontier violence dragged on in western New York, the American soldier Major Moses Van Campen was taken captive by the Senecas — the "keepers of the Western Door" of the Iroquois Confederacy. At their village along the Genesee River near Caneadea, he was forced to run the gauntlet, a customary ordeal, racing some thirty rods to the Seneca council house. That council house survived and was later relocated and preserved in Letchworth State Park, a tangible link to this dramatic moment.

Houston, TX

Richard 'Dick' Dowling fled the Irish potato famine as a boy, prospered as a Houston saloonkeeper and entrepreneur, then won lasting fame in the Civil War. On September 8, 1863, commanding just 47 men and six cannon at Fort Griffin, he repelled a Union fleet of 27 ships and 5,000 troops at Sabine Pass in barely 45 minutes. The Confederate Congress hailed the victory as one of the war's most brilliant feats; Dowling returned to business and died of yellow fever at just 30.

Austin, TX

William "Buck" Walton left Mississippi for Austin in 1853, studied law, and partnered with A. J. Hamilton, later a governor of Texas. He enlisted in the Confederate Army in 1862, serving with the 21st Texas Cavalry, and was elected state attorney general in 1866 during the turbulent early Reconstruction years. Renowned as a land-litigation and criminal-defense attorney, he remained a prominent public figure until his death in 1915.

Mansfield, TX

Partners Julian Feild and Ralph Mann, who had met in Harrison County around 1850, came south of Fort Worth and in the winter of 1859–60 raised a three-story steam-powered grist mill on the ruins of an earlier one. The mill drew business from San Antonio to the Oklahoma Territory, and the town that grew up around it — first "Mansfeild," then Mansfield — took its founders' names. During the Civil War the Confederacy claimed a share of its output, and afterward federal contracts kept its flour moving to army forts.

New Cumberland, PA · est. 2001

Marcus A. Reno, whose farm lay near here, is remembered for one of the most scrutinized moments in American military history. As a major in the 7th U.S. Cavalry, he led a battalion at the Battle of the Little Bighorn in June 1876; while George Armstrong Custer and the men with him were annihilated, Reno and most of his command dug in and survived. Earlier, during the Civil War, he had helped defend this stretch of Pennsylvania against Confederate incursions.