Civil War

China Spring, TX

Tennessee-born William Green Duke Wortham—brother-in-law of Texas Governor Richard Coke—came to this area around 1854, and the community that grew up took his name. Burials began by 1864, and the grounds hold graves that reach back even further, including that of J.B.M. Howard, whose stone records he was killed by "the Quantrel Men," a reference to the Confederate raider W.C. Quantrill. Formally donated in 1874 and tended for generations by families and a cemetery association, the burial ground now holds more than 300 graves.

Klein, TX

J. Peter Wunderlich left Germany for Texas in 1852, married Maria Hofius, and in 1854 bought 120 acres in the German farming settlement of Klein in north Harris County. He was killed in 1864 while working at a gunpowder mill during the Civil War, but his sons carried on the farm; son Peter built this house in 1891 for his bride Sophie Krimmel, expanding it from four rooms to eight. Wunderlich family members lived here until 1995.

Austin, TX

Xavier Blanchard Debray emigrated from France to Texas in 1848 and made his living publishing a Spanish-language newspaper before the Civil War. Joining the Confederate army as a lieutenant in 1861, he served as an aide to Governor Francis Lubbock and rose to colonel of the 26th Texas Cavalry—Debray's Regiment—used heavily for frontier scouting and delaying actions. He commanded the defenses of Galveston and eastern Texas and was made brigadier general in 1864 after the Red River campaign.

Georgetown, TX

The Kappa Alpha Order was founded in 1865 at Virginia's Washington College, where Robert E. Lee then presided, by young men shaped by the recent Civil War. Its Xi Chapter came to Southwestern University in Georgetown in 1883, meeting in secret until the school lifted its anti-fraternity rules in 1887. The chapter built its first house in 1895.

Buffalo, NY

This monument in Buffalo, New York, honors Abraham Lincoln, the sixteenth president, with verse drawn from James Russell Lowell's celebrated "Commemoration Ode." Lowell, a leading 19th-century poet, cast Lincoln as a distinctly American hero shaped from the "sweet clay" of the frontier West rather than the inherited molds of the Old World. The inscription captures how Lincoln came to symbolize a self-made nation forged from its own raw materials, an image that took hold in the decades after the Civil War as Americans memorialized him in bronze and stone.

Plano, TX

Sam and Patience Young came to Collin County from Illinois in 1842, part of a wave of Midwestern settlers drawn to North Texas farmland. Young bought land, founded a school, and opened this cemetery when Patience died in 1847. Eleven pioneer families rest among its fifty-one known graves, including veterans of both the War of 1812 and the Civil War.

Crystal City, TX

This corner of South Texas began as a Mexican land grant to John Charles Beales in 1832, with nearby Lake Espantosa serving as a campsite on the old road linking Mexico and San Antonio. During the Civil War the area was crossed by the Cotton Road running to Eagle Pass, a vital artery through which the Confederacy funneled goods such as guns, powder, and medicines. Organized in 1884, the county was named for Lorenzo de Zavala, a signer of the Texas Declaration of Independence and the Republic's first vice president.

Zion Hill, TX

Organized in 1852 on land soon donated by pioneer Aurin Goodgame Horn, Zion Hill Missionary Baptist Church grew from a small log house to a board-and-batten sanctuary and finally a large frame building that stood into the 1960s. Its cemetery holds more than a thousand graves, among them citizens of the Republic of Texas and dozens of war veterans. The many small stones of children buried here are a stark record of the hardships of frontier life in East Texas.