Historic Markers in Texas

Ysleta, TX

Established in 1682, Corpus Christi de la Ysleta is remembered as the first mission and pueblo in Texas, founded by Spanish governor Antonio de Otermín and Franciscan Fray Francisco Ayeta. It was built for the Tigua people—Pueblo refugees who had fled south during the great Pueblo Revolt of 1680—and maintained by Franciscan missionaries in the decades that followed.

Corpus Christi, TX

After a house fire alarmed Corpus Christi in 1871, citizens passed a subscription list and formed the volunteer Pioneer No. 1 Company that November, raising money through parades, balls, and banquets to fund a Fireman's Hall. Early crews pumped water from the bay, cisterns, and wells and rang a Market Hall tower bell coded by city ward to signal a blaze's location. The opening of a waterworks in 1893 and paid firefighters beginning in 1913 transformed the service into a modern department.

Corpus Christi, TX

When Corpus Christi's deepwater port opened in 1926, dock workers formed two racially segregated locals of the International Longshoremen's Association—white Local 1224 and African American Local 1225—who agreed to work opposite ends of each ship. Both built union halls and anchored their communities with scholarships, picnics, and church support, even as they bargained, struck, and endured lockouts. In 1975 a federal appeals court ruled the segregated locals violated the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and in 1983 they merged into one.

Corpus Christi, TX

In August 1862, a small Confederate battery of three guns near this spot dueled a Union blockading squadron that had spent months choking off the South Texas coast trade. Over two days, shore artillery and Federal warships traded hundreds of shells before a charge led by Major A.M. Hobby and Captain James Ware's cavalry drove the Federals back. The war ground on here for years afterward, with Union troops taking nearby Mustang Island in 1863 and a harsh winter and plundering raids emptying much of Corpus Christi before peace returned.

Corsicana, TX

When the Texas Legislature created Navarro County in 1846, a committee chose this 100-acre tract for the county seat, naming it Corsicana for the Corsican homeland of patriot José Antonio Navarro's parents. Early settler Hampton McKinney's log cabin doubled as school, post office, courthouse, and tavern. The railroad's arrival in 1871 sparked explosive growth, and by the late 1800s Corsicana was a pioneer of commercial oil and natural-gas fuel.

Corsicana, TX

Corsicana built its first brick jail in 1908 beside the city hall, stacking cells on the lower floor and the police chief's office above. Will S. Knight, the town's first police chief, worked here through the boisterous decades of an oil-era city that sometimes packed as many as eighty prisoners inside its gas-heated walls. The building served as the city jail until 1974.

Corsicana, TX

Jewish settlers—many of Eastern European or Alsace-Lorraine origin—came to Corsicana in 1871 as the Houston and Texas Central Railroad pushed through toward Dallas, and they soon needed a burial ground. The earliest known interment dates to 1877, and in 1881 the Hebrew Cemetery Association bought this land, with a Ladies' association forming in 1887 to maintain it. Marked by obelisks and statuary, the cemetery holds more than 400 graves, among them merchants, civic leaders, a rabbi, and an unidentified 1884 tightrope walker whose fatal fall gripped the town.

Corsicana, TX

Corsicana threw itself into the Southern cause: after the 1860 election, citizens hauled down the U.S. flag over the courthouse, and by 1861 recruiters were beating drums on the square, sending some 450 Navarro County men to war under officers like Cols. Roger Q. Mills and Clinton Winkler. A Confederate quartermaster depot rose on this corner, stocked with help from women, children, and old men. After the 1865 surrender, Federal troops camped here — and a sixteen-year-old John Wesley Hardin, not yet the famous gunman, clashed with soldiers nearby.

Corsicana, TX

From a single frontier sheet called the Prairie Blade in 1855, Corsicana grew a busy press culture as the town matured through the Gilded Age. Newsprint ran so scarce during the Civil War that its early paper could only appear when supplies allowed, and by the 1880s the community supported literary journals, denominational sheets, and competing dailies. The Corsicana Daily Sun, founded in 1895, carried that tradition into the twentieth century through a string of consolidations and chain ownerships.

Corsicana, TX

Corsicana's women's clubs opened the city's first public library in 1901, and their efforts soon won a Carnegie grant that built a permanent home in 1906, complete with an auditorium for community gatherings. Mattie Houston served as head librarian for more than three decades. By 1967 the collection had outgrown its walls and moved to a new building.

Corsicana, TX

In 1887 the Texas Legislature created the State Orphan Asylum, and Corsicana citizens donated more than 200 acres to bring it to their town. The first children arrived in 1889, and the campus grew into a self-sustaining community with its own school district and working farmlands that both fed the residents and taught them a trade. Through the Depression the home sheltered more than 800 children, and later, renamed the Corsicana State Home, it continued caring for young Texans, among them a future Texas Supreme Court chief justice.

Weslaco, TX

Weslaco was barely a decade old when city leaders hired San Antonio architect Paul G. Silber to raise a hotel on a block once deeded as a park. Opening on the last night of 1928, the four-story Spanish Colonial Revival Cortez Hotel became the social heart of the Rio Grande Valley boomtown—home to dance clubs, service organizations, graduations, and political rallies alike. Through decades of changing ownership it remained a symbol of the civic pride that built the Valley.

Oglesby, TX

Recognized as Coryell County's first Baptist church, this congregation was gathered by two elders in the mid-1800s, with a roster of charter families whose names still dot the county. For years the members met in homes and a schoolhouse before raising a permanent building on land donated by two of their own. When the historic church was finally dismantled in 1982, its lumber was reused to repair the local tabernacle — a fitting second life for a pioneer sanctuary.

Gatesville, TX

Coryell County was carved from Bell County in 1854 and named for James Coryell, a Tennessee-born frontiersman whose short life packed in a search for the fabled San Saba silver mines and service as a Texas Ranger. Coryell was killed by Native raiders near Fort Milam in 1837, during the perilous era of the Republic of Texas. The county seat began at Fort Gates before settling permanently at Gatesville.

Gatesville, TX

Rising from the Gatesville square in 1897, the third Coryell County Courthouse is a flamboyant example of the Second Empire Victorian style that architect W. C. Dodson brought to many Texas county seats. Its limestone and red sandstone blocks were cut to size at the quarry and hauled in by horse-drawn wagon, then dressed with Roman Corinthian columns, roof statuary representing Justice, and a builder's owl over the east entrance. For more than a century it has anchored county government and hosted its share of notable trials.

Celina, TX

Local tradition traces this Methodist congregation to pioneer prayer gatherings in the Culwell family home around 1846 and to camp meetings at nearby Honey Creek soon after. A church was built on donated land in 1881, and the adjoining cemetery — begun as a family burial ground around the 1870 grave of Martha Culwell — grew into a community resting place dense with early settlers' headstones. The congregation still worships in a structure renovated in 1946.

Miami, TX

Widowed in 1893, Lizzie Lard built the Cottage Hotel with her prominent family's help and opened it in 1895 to support her two daughters — a woman making her own way on the Texas Panhandle frontier. As Miami became the county seat and a regional trade hub, the hotel thrived, its parlor a favorite meeting spot for businessmen and young people alike. Through a string of owners and names it operated for decades, and after a stretch as a private residence it was restored in the early 1990s to serve once more as an inn.

Paducah, TX

Cottle County, created in 1876 and organized in 1892 along the breaks of the Pease and Little Wichita rivers, honors George Washington Cottle, a DeWitt's Colony settler who fought at Gonzales and died defending the Alamo in March 1836. The marker frames his sacrifice within the broader story of how Texas named its 254 counties—the great majority for revolutionaries, statesmen, and Confederate figures. Cottle was one of fifteen Alamo defenders so remembered.

Paducah, TX

Carved from the vast Young and Bexar land districts as the Texas frontier pushed westward, Cottle County was created in 1876 and finally organized in 1892 with Paducah as its seat. Its name honors George Washington Cottle, one of the defenders who died at the Alamo in 1836, tying this dusty Panhandle-fringe county to Texas's founding sacrifice.

Paducah, TX

Cottle County was created in 1876 and named for George Washington Cottle, who died at the Alamo, though settlers did not organize it until 1892, choosing a central townsite they named Paducah after one settler's Kentucky home. After two earlier courthouses, the county broke ground in 1929 on a striking four-story Art Deco building by the firm of Voelcker and Dixon. Its stepped masses, carved eagles, and figures of justice and liberty have drawn comparisons to an Egyptian temple.

Moran, TX

When oil and gas began seeping into water wells here in 1908, the Texas Company (later Texaco) leased large tracts and, after a geological survey, raised a wooden derrick on the Jim Cottle Ranch. Drilling began in September 1909, and after thirteen months of frequent breakdowns the Cottle No. 1 struck gas at 2,660 feet in November 1910—the first commercial gas well in the vast West Texas area. Within three years the discovery was piping natural gas to Moran, Albany, Cisco, and Abilene.

Pittsburg, TX

The narrow-gauge Texas & St. Louis, better known as the Cotton Belt, reached Pittsburg in 1880 on land the town's founder had donated years earlier for a depot. The surviving station, built in 1901, is a fine local example of Victorian Queen Anne-influenced railroad design, with dormers, twin chimneys, and an attached freight house. It served the line until 1968, long after passenger trains stopped running in 1946.

Teague, TX

The Wills family settled here in 1845, and Dr. James S. Wills is credited with founding the Cotton Gin community in 1848, donating land for a public cemetery divided — as the era demanded — into Anglo and African American sections. The oldest legible stone dates to 1854, but the ground holds a deeper record of frontier Texas: a veteran of the War of 1812, at least 67 Civil War soldiers, and veterans of later conflicts lie here among the settlers and the enslaved people who worked the land.

Port Lavaca, TX

Calhoun County came late to cotton—it sat outside the old plantation belt—until the Michot brothers built a gin south of Long Mott in the late 1880s. Early gins here used Robert S. Munger's continuous "system ginning," vacuuming cotton from wagons and pressing it into 500-pound bales. Production surged through the mid-20th century before rising costs and falling prices gutted the local cotton economy by the 1970s.

Moulton, TX

When soldiers came home to rural Lavaca County after World War II, they wanted somewhere to celebrate, and in 1946 Alfons and Martha Pavlicek opened the Cotton Grove dance floor. Strung with colored lights and ringed by a white picket fence, it drew the grandchildren of German and Czech immigrants to hear local bands like the Hi Toppers play polkas and waltzes sung in the old languages. For eight years it was the social heart of the area — even hosting wedding receptions for couples who first met there — until air-conditioned indoor halls and a polio outbreak drew the crowds away.

Shiner, TX

Barbed wire, the railroad, and German and Czech immigrants hungry for small family farms combined to make cotton king in Lavaca County. From August Stephan's first gin in 1892 through the founding of the Shiner Oil Mill in 1896, ginning, cottonseed-oil processing, and rail export drove Shiner's economy for nearly eighty years. The industry peaked in the 1920s with eight gins inside the city limits—four of them on this very site—before the last bale was ginned in 1971.

Winters, TX

In 1884, when most of Runnels County was open livestock range, R. F. Counts planted an experimental cotton field near this spot. His success inspired neighbors, who raised 88 bales by 1888, and the crop spread quickly — the first local gin was a converted corn and flour mill, and by 1932 the county's roughly 40 gins processed a peak harvest of more than 78,000 bales. Cotton lifted land values and became a defining crop of the region.

Paradise, TX

Cottondale is remembered as one of the earliest settlements in Wise County, platted in 1875 by landowner B. F. Banks, who set aside lots for public use. Its name came from cotton planted by blacksmith John Bridges — famously to raise money for a trip to Alabama to bring home his bride. As the nearby town of Paradise grew, it absorbed Cottondale's post office and school.

Cottonwood, TX

Around 1911 W. F. Griffin opened a small frame bank in Cottonwood, where a single officer, Paul Ramsey, served as teller, cashier, loan officer, and custodian all at once. When the railroad bypassed the town, its people drifted away and the bank closed in 1915; Hazel Respess later ran a post office out of the building for fifty years, keeping it a gathering place long after commerce had gone.

Dublin, TX

In the small farming community of Cottonwood outside Dublin, settlers organized the Cottonwood Missionary Baptist Church in 1908, with forty-six charter members and Reverend Lee Gilbreath as first pastor. In its early years the whole community shared one building, with Baptist, Methodist, Church of Christ, and Presbyterian ministers each preaching once a month. When the school consolidated with Dublin's in 1928 and families moved away, six teenaged girls kept the congregation alive by meeting faithfully every Sunday. Their persistence carried the church to a new building in 1959 and beyond.

Scurry, TX

Organized in 1880 under its first pastor, the Rev. A. M. K. Sowell, this Baptist congregation began worshiping in a simple log building on land donated for community use. For years the church, school, and neighboring congregations shared the same modest quarters, moving together as the community grew. The present sanctuary dates to 1916, and a June homecoming tradition has drawn members back since 1936.

Mooreville, TX

German-speaking families who moved from Washington County to Falls County's rich farmland gathered on March 4, 1884, at Anton Wittner's home to found the German Baptist Church of Cottonwood. They worshiped in members' houses until building a church in 1888. During World War I the congregation was wrongly suspected of hiding arms despite backing the war effort; services shifted from German to English by 1930, and the church took its present name in 1945.

Hubbard, TX

This cemetery grew from land granted to Parrott W. McNeese for his service in the Texas Revolution, whose son George deeded acreage for a school and graveyard after an infant son died in 1873. Around it flourished the Cottonwood community—a store, cotton gin, and school peopled partly by German families brought from Brenham in 1882. The burial ground holds veterans from the Texas Revolution to the Korean War, including a husband-and-wife pair who both served in World War II.

Dublin, TX

On the banks of Cottonwood Creek just outside Dublin lies a cemetery born of a cotton-farming settlement founded in 1854 by Alexander H. and Sarah Holland Dobkins. James C. Bellamy donated land in 1857 for a school and public burial ground, and the graveyard's story is threaded with the dangers of the frontier—two people killed in a Comanche attack were reburied here decades later when railroad work forced the move. Shaded by post oak and pecan, it holds veterans of every war from the Civil War through Vietnam. The cemetery and the Cottonwood Baptist Church are all that remain of the community.

Eustace vicinity, TX

Permanent settlement of the Cottonwood community began in the 1840s and 50s, as families like the Stirmans, Greens, and Grahams raised a church, school, stores, and a cotton gin. The burial ground began in 1871 when Shadrach Green interred his son-in-law, and under later owner William Hugh Graham—a state legislator—it served the community before his heirs deeded it outright in the 1920s. Veterans from the Civil War through Vietnam rest here, and descendants have gathered yearly since the 1930s to clean and remember.

Scurry, TX

Cottonwood Cemetery was established in 1882 on land donated by settler J. W. Swayze for a church, school, and burial ground. The first grave was that of the donor's brother, J. R. Swayze, who died that same year. Enlarged over time to five acres with land given by later families, the grounds are still tended by descendants and neighbors and shared among nearby communities.

Matador, TX

Named for the mott of cottonwoods shading a natural spring, this spot served as a cowboy line camp as early as 1878, a rough outpost from which hands worked cattle and mended fences and where a log cabin saw at least two gunfights. In 1882 the surrounding range was bought by the Matador Land & Cattle Company, a Scotland-based syndicate that ran the country until selling out in 1951, after which the land was broken into smaller ranches. The marker was placed for the Texas Sesquicentennial.

Cotulla, TX

When Joseph Cotulla gave land for a burial ground in his young namesake town, he created a record in stone of South Texas frontier life. The oldest marked grave dates to 1882, and a cluster from 1886 memorializes the year smallpox swept La Salle County. Originally divided into Mexican and Anglo-American sections, the cemetery holds many early community leaders and has been tended by an association since 1915.

Cotulla, TX

Polish immigrant Joseph Cotulla came to present-day La Salle County in 1865, and when the town that bears his name was founded in 1882 he donated land for both the courthouse and this city park. In its early years the park served as a campsite for travelers and ranchers, then gained a bandstand at the turn of the century for concerts and lectures, and a miniature golf course and playground in the 1930s. It has remained a gathering place at the heart of community life ever since.

Cotulla, TX

Joseph Cotulla left Poland as a boy in 1856, crossing to America by ship and oxcart and settling into the ranching country of South Texas, where he registered his own brand in 1863. He served two years in the First Texas Cavalry of the Union Army during the Civil War, then drove cattle to Kansas and steadily built a ranch that grew to more than 30,000 acres across three counties. In 1881 he donated land to the railroad for a townsite that took his name and became the seat of La Salle County.

Cotulla, TX

After the International and Great Northern Railroad platted Cotulla in 1881, the town's first school opened on this site in 1885 with primary, intermediate, and advanced classes under teachers J.M. Gunning and E.A. Williams. Lightning burned the original schoolhouse, and a converted house with an added bell served as its replacement, also hosting teacher institutes and summer normal schools. The building served the town's white schoolchildren until a new brick school opened on Tilden Street in 1908.

Pleasanton, TX

Founded on land bought in 1901 and named for settler W.A. "Abe" Coughran, this Atascosa County town owed its life to the railroad Coughran lured through his property. Platted in 1913, it soon boasted a cotton gin, bank, hotel, newspaper, creamery, and depot, thriving until about 1918. Decline set in during the 1920s and again after World War II, and when rail and postal service ended in 1945 and the school closed in 1956, Coughran faded.

Winters, TX

Counts Cemetery grew from the rural community once known as "Content" on the West Texas frontier, its earliest recorded burial a child laid to rest in 1880. In 1884 more than a dozen local men purchased four acres for a public burial ground, later named for R. F. Counts, whose family owned the surrounding land, with more acreage added in the 1930s. Among those interred are an unknown number of Confederate Civil War veterans who had come west to build new lives in Runnels County.

Fredericksburg, TX

This two-story stone building was the fourth jail of Gillespie County, which had been organized back in 1848, and was raised in 1885 by the firm of C. F. Priess and Bro. The ground floor held a booking area and the jailer's living quarters, while the upper floor kept steel-clad and maximum-security cells. It locked up the county's prisoners until 1939.

Pilot Point, TX

Founded in 1863 as the Colored Missionary Baptist Church, this congregation gave African Americans near the Cooke–Denton county line a spiritual home in the very year of the Emancipation Proclamation. Early worshippers gathered under a brush arbor before raising a chapel in 1874 and settling in Pilot Point by 1882. Over the decades the church expanded its mission well beyond Sunday services, launching adult literacy classes in 1939 and hosting regional conventions.

Daingerfield, TX

County Line Baptist Church traces its records to 1859 and likely stood even earlier, its cemetery already in use by 1863 when three-year-old John C. Leftwich became the first marked burial. For a decade around the turn of the century the log church doubled as the County Line Community School before a new building rose in 1901. When age and storm damage forced the congregation to relocate in 1943, the once scraped-earth cemetery was left to grow over in grass, and a cemetery association formed to tend it in 1976.

Geneva, TX

County Line Baptist Church grew out of the Freedmen's community of Weeks Quarters soon after the Civil War, first meeting in homes before Rev. M. McBerry led members in building a frame sanctuary in 1868 that doubled as a schoolhouse. Named for its site near the Sabine–San Augustine county line, the congregation relocated to Hankla beside the County Line Cemetery in 1885 and moved again to this location in 1944. It still draws worshipers from across both counties.

Harleton, TX

In the years around the Civil War, settlers drawn from North Carolina, Mississippi, and Georgia gathered near the Harrison–Upshur county line to form the Crossroads community, founding a Baptist church and this cemetery on land given by Dr. T.B. Burford. The earliest marked grave belongs to Eli Henderson McCoy, who came from North Carolina in 1859, served in the Confederate Army, and died in 1863. Tombstones bearing military and fraternal emblems—and two rare stone cairns—record the lives of the families who built the settlement.

Shallowater, TX

Beginning in 1901, farming families like the Murrays, Pettits, and Hardys settled this stretch of the South Plains, hauling lumber from the nearest railhead to build a school that doubled as church and community center. Named for its perch on the Lubbock–Hale county line, the settlement gained cotton gins, stores, and social clubs, and after the 1945 discovery of a nearby oil field, petroleum joined farming in its economy. The school consolidated with Abernathy in 1940, and though the community carried on for another fifty years, only the church and cemetery remain today.

Edom, TX

This congregation traces its roots to some of the earliest efforts by area African American families to build a place of worship, linked by tradition to an 1851 church. Formally founded in 1872 on land donated by Will Manley, with the Rev. L. M. Rabb as first pastor, it replaced two wooden buildings with a brick sanctuary in 1967. Beyond worship it has long offered food, medicine, and educational scholarships.

Point, TX

Settlement of this East Texas prairie began in the 1840s when a farming family from Arkansas moved in, lending their name to the area. In 1897 county commissioners established County Line School as an early district, and a two-story building rose here that soon served the whole community — hosting a fraternal lodge upstairs, club and church gatherings, and a New Year's stew tradition that has outlasted the school itself.

Yoakum, TX

Straddling the DeWitt–Lavaca county line, this rural community organized a school as early as the 1860s and a Baptist church admitted to the Colorado Baptist Association in 1874, the two often sharing a single building on land given by the Rev. Wade Hollan. A cemetery followed, with burials dating to 1867 and an annual decoration day held since 1907. The school consolidated away in 1949 and the church disbanded in 1919, leaving the cemetery as the community's last surviving institution.

Giddings, TX

This marker recalls how Lee County, Texas, took the name of Robert E. Lee, and gathers the affectionate lore that bound the Confederate commander to the state's soldiers. Before the war, then-Colonel Lee spent some two years on the Texas frontier with the 2nd U.S. Cavalry, leading long scouting expeditions and border patrols out of posts like Camp Cooper and Fort Mason. During the Civil War he commanded the Army of Northern Virginia, whose ranks included the celebrated Hood's Texas Brigade—shock troops whose devotion produced the famous cry of 'General Lee to the rear.'

Aspermont, TX

Stonewall County honors Confederate general Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson, who earned his enduring nickname at the First Battle of Manassas in 1861 when General Barnard Bee — a Texan — pointed to him standing firm amid retreat. The marker also recounts Texas's all-out commitment to the Confederacy: some 90,000 troops in the field, a 2,000-mile frontier and coast defended, and a home front of families and enslaved people whose labor supplied the Southern armies.

Granbury, TX

Hood County honors John Bell Hood, the Kentucky-born West Point graduate whose frontier service led him to claim Texas as his own. Resigning from the U.S. Army in 1861, he commanded the 4th Texas Infantry and led "Hood's Texas Brigade," among the most celebrated units of the Confederacy. Nicknamed "The Fighting General," he lost the use of an arm at Gettysburg and a leg at Chickamauga before rising to command the Army of Tennessee.

Miami, TX

Oran Milo Roberts presided over the 1861 convention that carried Texas out of the Union—prompting Sam Houston's wry verdict, 'I don't know what they will do, but Roberts is honest'—then raised the 11th Texas Infantry and led a brigade in Louisiana. He served as chief justice of the Texas Supreme Court under the Confederacy, was removed by federal Reconstruction authorities, and later won two terms as governor. Roberts County in the Panhandle bears his name.

Stratford, TX

Sidney Sherman was a Massachusetts-born militia officer who marched a Kentucky company to Texas and commanded the cavalry at San Jacinto in 1836, the battle that won Texas its independence. He went on to serve the Republic of Texas as major-general and congressman and to build one of the first railroads in the West, whose first locomotive bore his name. When the Civil War came he was placed in charge of fortifying Galveston, the state's most vital seaport, and lost his eldest son in the fighting to hold it.

Eldorado, TX

Schleicher County takes its name from Gustav Schleicher (1823–1879), who served the Confederacy as chief purchasing agent and army engineer west of the Mississippi. He procured scarce entrenching tools, iron, steel, and lead — much of it imported from Europe through Mexico in exchange for cotton, the "life blood" of the Southern war economy — and established engineer depots and fortifications in Texas. The State of Texas erected this marker in 1963 as a memorial to Texans who served the Confederate cause.

Van Horn, TX

David B. Culberson (1830–1900), a Georgia native who came to Texas in 1856, opposed secession yet helped raise the 18th Texas Infantry and rose to command it before broken health ended his field service after Vicksburg. As Adjutant and Inspector General of Texas in 1863–64 he was responsible for defending the frontier against both Union incursion and the Indian raids that intensified during the war, when Comanche, Kiowa, Apache, and Kickapoo bands plundered a thinly guarded borderland. Culberson County was named in his honor as a memorial to Texans who served the Confederacy.

Vega, TX

Williamson Simpson Oldham left a career as a legislator, judge, and newspaperman in Arkansas to settle in Texas, arriving just as the sectional crisis reached its breaking point. He sat in the 1861 Secession Convention, served in the provisional Confederate Congress at Montgomery, and then represented Texas in the Confederate Senate through 1865, where he argued forcefully for states' rights and for granting the president power to suspend habeas corpus. The Panhandle county seated at Vega was later named in his honor as a memorial to Texans who fought for the Confederacy.