Military & Wartime

Town of Cairo, NY

Raised by the townspeople of Cairo, New York, this memorial honors the local men who served in the First World War between 1917 and 1919. When the United States entered the war in April 1917, small towns across the country sent their sons overseas to the trenches of France, and communities like Cairo felt the war's cost keenly. In the years after the Armistice, hundreds of such monuments went up on village greens and courthouse lawns, funded by neighbors determined that the service would not be forgotten. This marker is Cairo's own expression of that grief and pride.

Lockhart, TX

The land that became Caldwell County began as part of DeWitt's Colony in 1825 and was carved from Gonzales County when the county was created and organized in 1848, with early settlements along Plum Creek and the San Marcos River. It honors Mathew Caldwell — nicknamed 'Old Paint' — a soldier-statesman who signed the Texas Declaration of Independence and commanded the Texas Rangers. Lockhart was named the county seat.

Greene Township, PA · est. 1947

Thaddeus Stevens and James D. Paxton built the Caledonia iron furnace here in 1837, part of the charcoal-iron industry that fed early American growth. Stevens went on to become one of Congress's most uncompromising foes of slavery, and in June 1863 — as Robert E. Lee's army moved toward Gettysburg — Confederate Gen. Jubal Early singled out the works and destroyed them, in part as payback for the ironmaster's antislavery politics. Early burned the furnace on June 26 on his march toward York.

Port Lavaca, TX

Before World War II, Calhoun County lived by farming, ranching, and seafood — but after Pearl Harbor the Gulf Coast became a front line. The government condemned much of the shoreline, cleared Matagorda Island, and residents patrolled beaches after German U-boats sank Mexican cargo ships within sight of Port O'Connor. Camp Hulen trained anti-aircraft artillery, gunnery ranges rose on the barrier islands, and citizens spotted aircraft and even caught a man signaling submarines with a fishing-pole antenna.

Merced County, CA

This memorial honors the Californians who served in the Korean War, the brutal 1950–1953 conflict that erupted when North Korean forces swept across the 38th parallel and drew the United States into the first armed clash of the Cold War. Often called "The Forgotten War" because it fell between the vast mobilization of World War II and the long agony of Vietnam, it nonetheless claimed more than 36,000 American lives and ended not in victory but in an armistice that left Korea divided to this day. Memorials like this one gather the names and sacrifice of a state's veterans so that a war easily overlooked in textbooks stays present in the landscape.

Wichita Falls, TX

When the United States entered World War I in April 1917, the Army's aviation branch had only 112 pilots, and the nation scrambled to build the vast air fleet the Allies expected. Chosen for its good flying weather, Wichita Falls leased this 640-acre site and named it for Lt. Loren H. Call, a flier killed in Texas in 1913. From 1917 to 1919 the primary flight school trained cadets on Curtiss JN-4 "Jenny" biplanes, ultimately winging some 500 officers and basing more than 3,000 men before it closed.

Whitfield County, GA

Said to have been built around 1814 of bricks made on the site, this house was home to Jesse Callaway from 1852 to 1867 and stayed in his family past 1900. Born in Wilkes County in 1796, Callaway served as a sergeant in the Georgia Militia during the War of 1812, and was the son of a Revolutionary War soldier. Married four times with eighteen children, he left descendants across the state before deeding the house to his son and moving north, where he died in 1875.

Laredo, TX

As Laredo boomed in the late 1800s, the border city needed a fourth camposanto, but politics, money, and neighborhood objections delayed the new Catholic cemetery until 1901. Its grounds hold special sections for infants, for priests, and for the Marist brothers and four orders of nuns who served the city, alongside laity and soldiers. Among the notable dead are Civil War figures Santos and Refugio Benavides and Bishop Pedro Verdaguer of the Vicariate of Brownsville.

Trinity County, TX

After the Civil War, Alexander and Jane Smith brought their family from Alabama to settle the Nogalus Prairie community, and this ground became its burial place—by family tradition, first opened to bury a son, Nathan, who had been murdered, though grave dates from 1875 hint at even earlier interments. Over the following century, churches, families, and associations expanded and cared for the cemetery, which by 1992 held more than 380 graves, among them veterans of the Civil War, both World Wars, and Korea.

Fletcher, NC

Built in 1859 on the eve of the Civil War, Calvary Episcopal Church has served its mountain community for well over a century. Its churchyard holds the grave of humorist "Bill" Nye along with memorials to a number of prominent Southerners.

Baltimore, MD

This memorial wall carries a line drawn from General John J. Pershing's tribute to America's war dead — "Time will not dim the glory of their deeds" — words that became a standard epitaph on veterans' memorials across the country in the twentieth century. Standing near Baltimore's Camden Yards, a district rooted in the old Baltimore & Ohio Railroad's Camden Station, the wall gathers a busy modern crossroads into a moment of remembrance for those who served and sacrificed. Because the inscription names no single battle or war, it speaks broadly for all who gave their lives in the nation's conflicts.

Brownsville, TX

Carved from Nueces County in 1848, Cameron County was named for Ewen Cameron, a captain of the ill-fated Mier Expedition executed at Querétaro. Its ground along the lower Rio Grande witnessed the opening clashes of the Mexican War and, remarkably, the last land battle of the Civil War at Palmito Ranch in 1865. Few American counties can claim to bracket two wars so precisely.

Brownsville, TX

Created in 1848 in the wake of the U.S.-Mexican War, Cameron County sits where the Rio Grande meets the Gulf—ground crossed by explorers, empresarios, soldiers, and cattle kings for four centuries. This 1936 state monument catalogs the sweep of that history, from Cabeza de Vaca and the Escandón colonists to Zachary Taylor, Robert E. Lee, Ulysses S. Grant, and border figures like Richard King and Mifflin Kennedy. The roll call reads as a layered map of who shaped the lower Rio Grande valley.

Alto, TX

As the U.S. Army scrambled to house prisoners of war during World War II, it opened small branch camps to meet local labor shortages. Camp Alto, a tent facility for roughly 100 German POWs, operated as a satellite of the larger Camp Fannin near Tyler beginning in the fall of 1944. The prisoners cut pulpwood for an East Texas ice-storm salvage project until the camp closed in the spring of 1945 as the war wound down.

Caps, TX

From 1941 to 1945, Camp Barkeley was one of the nation's largest World War II training posts, holding up to 60,000 men at its peak — a military city twice the size of 1940s Abilene. It trained famous infantry and armored divisions, hosted the country's largest medical replacement center and an officer candidate school, and even held German prisoners of war, some of whom escaped or tried to tunnel out. It was named for Private David B. Barkeley, killed on a scouting mission in the Meuse-Argonne offensive of World War I.

Brownsville, TX

When the United States declared war on Mexico in May 1846, thousands of volunteers poured into Brazos Santiago, and General Zachary Taylor established Camp Belknap here that summer to hold them. Spread across a narrow rise of high ground, it may have been the largest volunteer encampment of the war, sheltering an estimated 7,000 to 8,000 men. No enemy ever attacked, but exposure, disease, and squalor killed many before the troops moved upriver by year's end.

Newcastle, TX

During the Civil War, Confederate frontier troops garrisoned Camp Belknap to hold the exposed edge of Texas settlement. Local men joined a frontier regiment of cavalry and rangers that patrolled a chain of posts from the Red River to the Rio Grande, guarding against both raids and a feared Union thrust from Indian Territory. Short on food and ammunition, they concentrated near here in 1863 and met a large Comanche force at Elm Creek the next year.

Driftwood, TX

In the summer of 1896, Hays County Confederate veterans and their families gathered at Martin Spring on Onion Creek and organized a chapter of the United Confederate Veterans, naming it for General Ben McCulloch, who fell at the Battle of Pea Ridge in 1862. The group bought the reunion grounds in 1904, and the annual gathering has continued ever since, missing only one year during World War I. As the last veterans died, the site passed to their sons, grandsons, and descendants, who keep the reunions alive.

Fort Worth, TX

In 1917-18 this avenue—then Arlington Heights Boulevard—was the main artery through Camp Bowie, a sprawling World War I training center, its asphalt strips flanking streetcar tracks. After the war, development spread in, the street was renamed Camp Bowie Boulevard in 1919, and in 1927-28 it was paved with the durable Thurber bricks that still evoke the era.

Fort Worth, TX

After the United States entered World War I in April 1917, Camp Bowie rose on an undeveloped Fort Worth suburb to train the 36th Division—Texas and Oklahoma National Guardsmen—named for Alamo commander James Bowie. By November 1917 some 25,000 men drilled here, and in July 1918 they shipped to France, where they helped capture St. Etienne-A-Arnes and fought in the Meuse-Argonne offensive that broke the German line. The division returned home by mid-1919, and the camp reverted to civilian use.

Breckenridge, TX

Established near this site in 1862, Camp Breckenridge was one link in a Confederate frontier defense line that stretched from the Red River to the Rio Grande, manned by a company of the Texas Frontier Regiment. Riding posts a day apart, these poorly fed and under-equipped men patrolled a vast country to curb raids and round up draft evaders and renegades while the great battles raged far to the east. They won few glories, but some gave their lives protecting the settlers left behind.

Raleigh, NC

When the Spanish-American War broke out in 1898, North Carolina volunteers mustered at this ninety-five-acre encampment, the only U.S. Army camp in the state during the conflict. It was named for Bryan Grimes, a Confederate general of the previous generation. The camp reflected a moment when a nation reunited after civil war marched off together under one flag.

Chireno, TX

During World War II, with American men overseas and an East Texas timber industry short of labor, two lumber companies petitioned to open Camp Chireno as a branch of Camp Fannin. On leased private land the War Manpower Commission built a 30-acre compound in an area flattened by the devastating January 1944 ice storm, using Chireno's rail links to move men and timber. From May 1944 until the camp closed in March 1945, some 300 German prisoners of war cut and salvaged timber and pulpwood here.

Staples, TX

When the Civil War came, Texas's first Confederate governor, Edward Clark, ordered the creation of volunteer "camps of instruction" like this one in June 1861 — and local farmers, merchants, and artisans supplied the food, guns, and camp gear while experienced men served as drillmasters. Its main task was teaching horse-loving Texans to march, since six in ten preferred the cavalry, prompting Clark to insist that infantry service too was a matter of honor. Units trained here included companies bound for Hood's famous Texas Brigade.

Brownwood, TX

Camp Collier, about 13 miles southwest, was one link in a chain of Confederate frontier posts spaced a day's ride apart from the Red River to the Rio Grande. Manned by the Texas Frontier Regiment, its patrols checked Indian raids and rounded up draft evaders while the main armies fought far to the east. Texas—which voted better than three to one for secession and sent 90,000 troops to Confederate service—relied on posts like this, backed by rangers, militia, and "family forts," to guard a 2,000-mile frontier and coastline.

Coleman, TX

Camp Colorado, a former U.S. Army outpost surrendered at the start of the Civil War, became a link in the Confederate line of frontier defense running from the Red River to the Rio Grande. It served as headquarters for the First Texas Mounted Rifles in 1861 and the Frontier Regiment in 1863, manned by troops and Rangers who patrolled against Indian raids and rounded up deserters. Camp life was hard, marked by shortages of food, ammunition, and horses and the constant threat of attack.

Throckmorton, TX

Surrendered by federal forces at the outbreak of the Civil War, Camp Cooper became a Confederate outpost anchoring Texas's long frontier defense line from the Red River to the Rio Grande. Manned by Texas cavalry, mounted riflemen, and Rangers, its perpetually undersupplied troops patrolled against Comanche raids, Union incursion, and marauding deserters. Their constant scouting shielded supply trains and pioneer families clinging to the edge of settlement.

Santa Cruz County, AZ

This marker recalls Camp Crittenden, a U.S. Army post established in 1867 in the mountainous borderlands of what was then Arizona Territory. In the years after the Civil War, the Army planted a string of such camps across the Southwest to guard settlers, mail routes, and mines during the long Apache campaigns. Life at these remote posts was hard — disease, heat, and isolation took a heavier toll than combat — and Camp Crittenden was abandoned within a few years, leaving little but foundations and this commemoration.

Archer City, TX

During the Civil War the Confederacy strung a thin line of frontier posts from the Red River to the Rio Grande, and Camp Cureton anchored a stretch of it near where the Gainesville–Fort Belknap road crossed the West Fork of the Trinity. Manned by the Texas Frontier Regiment and named for veteran Indian-fighter Capt. Jack Cureton, its poorly supplied troopers patrolled against Comanche raids while guarding supply trains and watching for Union movement. Contemporaries judged them more effective at curbing raids than the U.S. Army had been.

Harrisburg, PA · est. 1992

When war came in April 1861, eighty acres of Harrisburg ground became one of the Union's most important training grounds, named for the state's energetic wartime governor, Andrew Gregg Curtin. Between 1861 and 1865, more military units were mustered and drilled here than at any other Northern camp. Tens of thousands of raw recruits became soldiers on this field.

Westtown Township, PA · est. 2013

In the weeks after the Battle of Gettysburg in July 1863, more than 2,000 Union soldiers—captured and then paroled by the retreating Confederates—were gathered at a makeshift camp on this ground to await formal exchange. Under the era's parole system, captured men were often released on a pledge not to fight and held instead by their own army. The surrounding community took them in and nursed the wounded until the federal government voided the paroles and sent the men back to their regiments.

Sterling City, TX

Camp Elizabeth, thought to date to 1853, served from 1874 to 1886 as an outpost hospital and sub-post of Fort Concho during the height of the frontier military presence on the West Texas plains. Such outposts anchored the U.S. Army's effort to secure travel routes and settlements during the Indian Wars of the late nineteenth century. Little remains, but its role in the network of frontier defense endures in memory.

Winona, TX

As World War II swelled the nation's military, construction began at Camp Fannin near Tyler in late 1942, named for Texas revolutionary hero James Walker Fannin, Jr. Opened in 1943 as an Infantry Replacement Training Center, at its peak it processed 35,000 to 40,000 men every four months to replace troops lost on the battlefronts, and it also held German prisoners of war and a Women's Army Corps unit. The camp reshaped the East Texas economy, and after the war some soldiers — and even a former POW — returned to settle in the region.

Winona, TX

Alongside its role training American soldiers, Camp Fannin near Tyler became a prisoner-of-war camp, receiving its first captives from Germany's Afrika Korps in October 1943. By 1944 it was designated a POW base camp overseeing smaller branch camps across East Texas, and with wartime labor scarce, prisoners were put to work in the region's forests and farms. The camp held more than 1,000 prisoners at a time and closed in May 1946 after repatriating them.

Tyler, TX

Camp Ford was a Confederate stockade near Tyler that held captured Union soldiers during the Civil War, growing into the largest prisoner-of-war camp west of the Mississippi River. Prisoners built log huts inside the log-walled enclosure, enduring crowding and shortages until the war's end. Though this marker's text is spare, the site stands for the grim experience of thousands of captured federal troops in Texas.

Tyler, TX

On this Smith County site stood Camp Ford, the largest Confederate prison for Union captives west of the Mississippi. Established in 1862 as a training camp named for Col. John S. "Rip" Ford, it was converted to a prison in 1863 and, after Confederate victories in 1864, expanded to hold some 4,700 Federal soldiers and sailors. Prisoners built their own crude shelters — log huts, burrows, and brush arbors they called "shebangs" — and drew water from a nearby spring until the camp's abandonment at war's end in 1865.

Lower Swatara Township, PA · est. 1966

Sprawling across three square miles just northwest of here, Camp Meade was a sizable military encampment opened during the Spanish-American War of 1898 and named in honor of the Civil War general who commanded Union forces at Gettysburg. Its importance was underscored when President William McKinley visited the camp on August 27, 1898.

Charlotte, NC

In the summer of 1917, weeks after America entered the Great War, the U.S. Army carved a sprawling training cantonment out of the Carolina countryside west of Charlotte and named it for Revolutionary War general Nathanael Greene. For two years Camp Greene turned tens of thousands of raw recruits into soldiers bound for the trenches of France, its muddy streets and hastily built barracks briefly making it one of the largest 'cities' in North Carolina. When the camp closed in 1919, the Mecklenburg Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution set this stone to keep the memory of those men — and the vanished camp — from fading back into the fields.

Victoria, TX

In the opening months of the Civil War, the Confederacy scrambled to raise and drill volunteers across Texas. At the suggestion of Col. Henry McCullouch, a site near Victoria known as Nuner's Mott was chosen in 1861 to muster and train recruits drawn from nine surrounding counties. The men formed the Sixth Texas Infantry, drilling here into the spring of 1862 before marching to a hard war — captured at Arkansas Post, then fighting through Missionary Ridge, Atlanta, Franklin, and Nashville. They finally laid down their arms with the Army of Tennessee in North Carolina.

Del Rio, TX

When U.S. troops surrendered their Texas posts at the outbreak of the Civil War, Camp Hudson on the Devil's River became a Confederate frontier outpost from 1861 to 1862, manned by the 2nd Texas Cavalry. Its soldiers guarded the military road, escorted supply trains, and served as a base for the Confederate New Mexico campaign aimed at reaching the Pacific and choking off gold to the North. To pass the tedium, troops eager to fight for the Confederacy even produced a camp newspaper.

Huntsville, TX

Completed in 1942, Camp Huntsville was one of the first prisoner-of-war camps built in the United States during World War II, with more than 400 buildings and room for 3,000 prisoners. The first arrivals were captured members of Germany's Afrika Korps in spring 1943, and the population peaked at 4,840 that fall. Late in the war it prepared to receive Japanese prisoners before closing in January 1946, when its land became a country campus for Sam Houston State Teachers College.

Kingsville, TX

In the fall of 1915, as raids spilled north across the Rio Grande during the Mexican Revolution, the U.S. Army pitched Camp Kingsville to shield the great South Texas ranches and the San Antonio rail line. For two years its infantry companies patrolled a tense borderland; then in 1917 General Pershing tapped the 26th Infantry's men to help form the First Division, and the camp emptied as they shipped for France. Its founder, Joseph Dorst Patch, went on to a decorated career across two world wars, retiring as a major general.

Straban Township, PA

In the sweltering weeks after the Battle of Gettysburg in July 1863, the fields east of town became Camp Letterman, the largest field hospital of the Civil War, where thousands of wounded soldiers from both armies were treated in orderly rows of tents. Named for Dr. Jonathan Letterman, the Army of the Potomac's medical director whose battlefield-evacuation system revolutionized military medicine, the camp combined surgery, convalescence, and an adjoining cemetery. The fragment quoted here — a grim bedside note that a soldier's recovery 'is yet doubtful' — captures the daily uncertainty that hung over the men who lay here through the summer and fall.

Weslaco, TX

In 1916 and 1917, National Guard units from Indiana, Nebraska, Minnesota, and North Dakota occupied Camp Llano Grande, one of a chain of encampments strung along the Rio Grande to guard against cross-border raids. The 200-acre camp held a headquarters, commissary, parade grounds, and sprawling tent lines south of the railroad. It was abandoned in March 1917, just a month before the U.S. entered World War I, and its soldiers were soon bound for France.

Houston, TX

Soon after the United States entered World War I, the Army established Camp Logan here in July 1917 as one of 34 training camps, a 7,600-acre complex named for Civil War general and senator John A. Logan. During construction, Black soldiers of the 3rd Battalion, 24th Infantry, stationed nearby, rose in armed revolt on August 23, 1917, against Houston's Jim Crow laws and police abuse—the deadly "Houston Mutiny and Riot of 1917." Divisions trained here shipped out to fight in France in 1918, and after the camp closed part of its land became Memorial Park, named for the soldiers who fought in Europe.

Austin, TX

Austin's citizens gave 85 acres in 1892 for annual encampments of the Texas Volunteer Guard, the elite militia formed in 1876, and the guardsmen worked to expand it to more than 430 acres. Named in 1898 for Adjutant General Woodford H. Mabry, the camp gained an arsenal in 1914, hosted the U.S. Army in both World Wars, and trained Texas Rangers and highway patrolmen. Since 1954 it has served as headquarters for the state Adjutant General.

Waco, TX

Founded in July 1917, Camp MacArthur was named for Lt. Gen. Arthur MacArthur—Civil War veteran, distinguished officer in the Philippines, and father of Douglas MacArthur—and built to train the National Guard's 32nd Division for World War I. Its capacity of more than 45,000 dwarfed Waco's own population of 32,000, filling the city with troops first from Michigan and Wisconsin and later from across the country. The 32nd shipped out to France in early 1918, and the camp became a replacement and officer-training center before demobilizing thousands that December.

Paris, TX

When the nation began mobilizing on the eve of World War II, the city of Paris lobbied hard for an army training camp, seeing in peacetime draftees a way to revive the local economy. After a political tug-of-war—Congressman Lyndon Johnson briefly diverted the camp to his own district—Senator Tom Connally secured it for Paris, and Camp Maxey was activated in July 1942 on a 70,000-acre site. Named for Confederate general and U.S. senator Sam Bell Maxey, it trained nearly 195,000 soldiers, housed a hospital and a 7,000-man German POW camp, and filled thousands of civilian jobs before closing in 1946.

Humboldt County, NV

From 1865 to 1868 the U.S. Army ran Camp McGarry near Summit Springs on the Old Applegate Trail, its troops guarding the Idaho-California mail and stage roads and the emigrant trails threading Nevada and Oregon. The post grew to include officers' quarters, barracks, a mess hall, and a 100-horse stone barn, and in 1866 became headquarters of the District of Nevada. At 75 square miles it was the largest military reservation in the state before its abandonment in 1868, when the troops moved to Camp Winfield Scott; the land later became an American Indian reservation.

San Saba, TX

During the Civil War, Camp McMillan was one link in a chain of Confederate outposts strung a day's ride apart from the Red River to the Rio Grande, manned by the Texas Frontier Regiment. Its patrols guarded settlers against raids, rounded up draft evaders, and held a vast stretch of the frontier while the great battles raged far to the east. Backed by state rangers, militia, and citizen posses operating from nearby family forts, these Confederates defended a two-thousand-mile line at real cost to their own lives.

Mercedes, TX

In March 1917, just before the United States entered World War I, Gen. John J. Pershing selected Mercedes for a permanent camp to train troops bound for France. Completed that April on the 80-acre Emerson Farm tract, Camp Mercedes centered on a parade ground ringed by 23 barracks and 14 identical officers' bungalows, garrisoning 16 officers, 700 men and 600 horses. A cavalry cadre occupied it in May before recruits arrived, and after the Armistice the post was demobilized and closed in 1922.

Del Rio, TX

During the 1910s the Army established Camp Del Rio to help secure the U.S.-Mexico border amid the upheaval of the Mexican Revolution, with troops guarding vital railroad bridges like the High Bridge over the Pecos. Those tracks were a strategic transcontinental link during World War I. In 1920 the post was renamed Camp Michie for Brigadier General Robert E. L. Michie, who was killed in France in 1918, and the government closed it in 1923.

Bandera, TX

Established in 1862, Camp Montel was one link in the Confederate defense line stretching from the Red River to the Rio Grande, named for surveyor and Bandera colonizer Captain Charles DeMontel. Its troops of the Texas Frontier Regiment furnished their own guns and mounts but often went short of food, clothing, and supplies as they guarded settlements against raids. With most local men away at war—Bandera County counted just 399 people in 1860—these scouting parties managed to curb frontier attacks until the war's end.

Jessamine County, KY

Established in 1863, Camp Nelson housed the families of African American soldiers and became the chief center issuing emancipation papers to the formerly enslaved. Conditions in the makeshift camp were deadly—many women and children died of disease and exposure, and a brutal winter expulsion in 1864 killed many more—until the Reverend John G. Fee and other humanitarian workers won improvements. A school, hospital, and permanent housing eventually served up to 3,000 people in their transition to freedom, though the Army's 1866 withdrawal left refugees exposed to violent white "regulators."

Carson City, NV

Established just north of here in October 1864, Camp Nye was the home base of Companies D and E of the 1st Nevada Volunteer Cavalry during the Civil War. Rather than fighting Confederates, these Union troopers were largely engaged in conflicts with American Indians across the region; Company D suffered Nevada's only two combat deaths of the war in a battle at Table Mountain in Elko County on May 20, 1865. The camp was deactivated that August, and no trace of its barracks and stables remains.

Jefferson Parish, LA

In 1862 Confederate and Louisiana authorities laid out Camp Parapet as part of the northern defenses of New Orleans, expecting an attack from upriver. Instead the city fell to a Union fleet coming up from the Gulf, and the fortifications passed into Federal hands, serving as a Northern training camp for the rest of the war.

Baird, TX

Established in 1862, Camp Pecan was one of a chain of posts set a day's horseback ride apart, manned by the Texas Frontier Regiment to guard the state's western line of settlement during the Civil War. With few men and chronic shortages of food, clothing, and horses, its Confederates faced Indian raids from the west and renegades and deserters from the east. Against these odds they managed to hold the frontier, and the State of Texas raised this memorial to them in 1963.

Eagle Pass, TX

During the Civil War, Camp Rabb was one of eighteen Confederate outposts strung a day's ride apart from the Red River to the Rio Grande, meant to guard against both Indian raids and Federal invasion. Named for a captain in the Frontier Regiment of Texas Cavalry, it watched a ford on the Cotton Road, the vital route by which Southern cotton reached market. Nearby Fort Duncan, a former U.S. post, protected that lifeline trade of cotton for arms and supplies against Union forces upriver.

Pymatuning Township, PA · est. 1994

From 1942 to 1945 this 3,300-acre tract in Mercer County was a vast U.S. Army staging base — first the Shenango Personnel Replacement Depot, renamed Camp Reynolds in 1943 — through which roughly a million soldiers passed on their way to the war, most bound for Europe. At its peak 75,000 troops were housed here at once, and racial tensions among them boiled over in July 1943. The camp also held more than 1,800 German prisoners of war.

McMullen County, TX

During the Civil War, Camp Rio Frio was a home-guard post buffering older settlements from Apache raids and bandits, manned by scattered local men of the 29th Brigade, Texas Militia. They lived in dirt-floored picket homes and made do with prickly-pear salad, Spanish dagger blooms, hominy, and wild game, wearing homespun dyed blue with Brazil root or gold with agarita. The camp later became Dogtown and finally the town of Tilden.