African American History

Beech Creek, TX

Georgia native James G. Collier brought his family to the Beech Creek community in 1852 and built the area's first sawmill; three years later, eight charter members organized this Baptist church in his home. Remarkably for its time and place, the congregation welcomed both Anglo and African American members, and in 1867 it ordained Henry Gainer, a Black man, as minister. From baptisms in nearby creeks to its first sanctuary on land Collier donated in 1892, the church grew alongside the community it served.

Baytown, TX

Henry Falvel Gillette, a Connecticut-born educator, came to Texas in 1840 and by 1859 had bought land on Galveston Bay for a plantation he named Bell Prairie. The estate included a two-story brick home, a carriage house, and quarters for the enslaved people whose labor sustained it, along with a wharf used to import cattle from England. Gillette also superintended a nearby orphans' home and helped found a Masonic lodge; his plantation house, battered by the 1900 hurricane, finally burned after a lightning strike in 1915.

Woodbridge, VA

This roadway in Woodbridge honors Benita Fitzgerald, a Prince William County native who became one of the great American sprint hurdlers of her generation. At the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics—the XXIII Olympiad—she captured gold in the 100-meter hurdles, becoming only the second American woman ever to win that event. She also reigned as Pan American Games champion in 1983 and claimed U.S. national titles in 1983 and 1986, building a résumé that made her a hometown hero.

Philadelphia, PA · est. 1991

In 1854, free Black Philadelphians founded this literary and educational society in a city that was a hub of antebellum African-American intellectual life. Named for Benjamin Banneker—the self-taught astronomer, almanac author, and surveyor of the new federal capital—the institute embodied the belief that learning was a form of liberation. In an era when most Black Americans were still enslaved, its members cultivated debate, study, and self-improvement as acts of dignity and resistance.

Abington Township, PA · est. 2018

Long before abolition became a mass movement, Benjamin Lay—a Quaker, a dwarf, and a man of ferocious conviction—was denouncing slavery in colonial Pennsylvania. He staged dramatic public protests, boycotted everything made by enslaved labor, and wrote a blistering pamphlet against Quaker slaveholders that got him disowned by his own meeting. He lived simply, reportedly in a cave, and his moral witness helped push Quakers to become the first religious body in America to renounce slavery within their ranks by 1776.

West Saint Clair Township, PA · est. 2006

In the tense years before and during the Civil War, the Walker Homestead in Bedford County served as a vital station on the Underground Railroad, perilously close to the Maryland line and the reach of slave catchers. Benjamin Walker, Abner Walker, Sr., and George Harbaugh worked hand in hand with African American conductors John Fiddler, Elisa Rouse, and Joseph Crawley, guiding hundreds of freedom seekers from the Pennsylvania border across the mountains and northward toward liberty.

Philadelphia, PA · est. 1990

Founded in 1899 by Rev. Matthew Anderson, pastor of Berean Presbyterian Church, the Berean Institute set out to teach Black Philadelphians skilled trades that segregation and prejudice had closed off to them elsewhere. Anderson also launched the Berean Savings Association, weaving education together with Black economic self-reliance. Over time the school broadened its curriculum to meet the changing needs of its students.

Lufkin, TX

In 1850 Samuel and Elizabeth Berry brought their family and enslaved workers from Alabama to a plantation of hundreds of acres, complete with a cotton gin and gristmill. The cemetery began in 1863 with the burial of Samuel's young grandson on a hilltop, its family plot ringed by a low red rock wall with an adjoining section set aside for the enslaved. The land later became a community graveyard, its stones cut from granite, marble, and even petrified wood.

Detroit, MI

In 1959 Berry Gordy launched his record company on this Detroit site with an $800 family loan, soon naming it Motown in honor of the Motor City. From this modest house-turned-studio poured a stream of hits and stars that defined the 'Motown Sound.' Over the next dozen years the company grew from a family business into an international enterprise.

Louisville, KY

The Berrytown community began in 1874 when Alfred Berry bought five acres, and its cemetery—purchased in 1890 by the United Brothers of Friendship Lodge #83—became the settlement's focal point. Lodge trustees tended the grounds and built its stone columns and entrance gate in 1902. Among its more than 300 burials are the Berry family, early settlers, and several military graves; since 1984 a corporation of area residents has owned and cared for it.

Tredyffrin Township, PA · est. 2020

In 1932 the Tredyffrin and Easttown school districts began segregating their elementary schools, sending Black children to separate classrooms. Local Black families and their allies gathered at Mt. Zion A.M.E. Church and organized a boycott, keeping their children out of school for more than 300 days rather than accept the order. The pressure worked: officials rescinded segregation, and by 1934 the children returned to integrated schools — a victory that helped spur Pennsylvania's 1935 Equal Rights Bill.

Waxahachie, TX

Born in Atlanta, Texas, in 1892, Bessie Coleman grew up in Waxahachie before moving to Chicago at 23 with a dream of flight. Barred by race and sex from American flight schools, she trained in France and earned her international pilot's license in 1921, returning home as the first Black woman pilot. "Queen Bess" thrilled integrated crowds as a barnstormer until her death in a 1926 air accident.

Atlanta, TX

Born in Atlanta, Texas, in 1892, the tenth of thirteen children of tenant farmers, Bessie Coleman dreamed of flight but found no American school that would teach an African American woman. So she went to France, earning her international pilot's license in 1921 and returning home hailed as the first Black woman to fly an airplane. She died in an air accident in 1926.

Houston, TX

Organized in 1935 as Houston Garden Baptist Church, this congregation took root in the Houston Gardens neighborhood that the federal government helped create through Franklin D. Roosevelt's Resettlement Administration. Renamed Bethany Baptist in 1946, it was the only one of four white congregations in its Baptist association to survive the demographic shift of the mid-20th century without merging or foreclosing. In 1971 it welcomed the Rev. Curley Edward Carr as its first African American head pastor, becoming a model of peaceful institutional integration.

Austin, TX

Bethany Cemetery was established in the late 1800s after burial space for African Americans in Austin's Oakwood Cemetery ran out, its oldest recorded grave that of an infant, Hellen Moore, in 1879. C. W. Jones bought the land in 1892, and the Bethany Cemetery Company—formed in 1893 by William Holland, Henderson Rollins, Allen Bradley, and William M. Tears—cared for it for decades. A community association took up its upkeep in 1976, and the graveyard still serves the area today.

Pittsburgh, PA · est. 1995

Founded in 1808 as the African Church and chartered a decade later, Pittsburgh's Bethel A.M.E. congregation became far more than a place of worship. It opened the area's first school for Black children in 1831 and, in 1841, hosted a statewide civil rights convention where free African Americans organized for their rights. As the community grew, the congregation moved to Wylie Avenue and later Webster Avenue, carrying its long tradition of faith and activism with it.

Reading, PA · est. 1996

Built in 1837 by free African Americans, Bethel A.M.E. is the oldest Black church building in Berks County, raised by a congregation that had gathered since 1822. In the tense decades before the Civil War, it served as a station on the Underground Railroad, sheltering freedom seekers escaping bondage in the South. Rebuilt in 1867 and remodeled in 1889, the building anchored Reading's Black community until the congregation moved to Windsor Street in 1974.

Carlisle, PA · est. 2009

Founded around 1820, Bethel A.M.E. was among the first African American congregations west of the Susquehanna, taking root as free Black communities built their own institutions in the early republic. The church became a station on the Underground Railroad, and its members included abolitionists John Peck and John B. Vashon, while national A.M.E. leaders like Bishop Daniel Payne were tied to its life. Here faith and the freedom struggle were inseparable.

Bay City, TX

Lacking a church in their "North-end" African American neighborhood, Harris and Maria Anderson began holding lay services in their home around 1904. They built a brush arbor and, in 1905, organized Bethel Baptist Church with the Rev. Joe Wren as its first pastor. From a relocated building to its first sanctuary in 1910 and a brick church in 1954, the congregation became a lasting pillar of its Bay City community.

Houston, TX

In 1890-91 the Rev. Jack Yates and a group of worshippers left Antioch Baptist to found Bethel Baptist Church, one of the earliest congregations in Houston's Freedmen's Town. Rebuilt after the 1900 storm and expanded into a Gothic Revival landmark in the mid-20th century, the 'Silk Stocking' church counted among its members physicians, editors, and artists who shaped Black Houston, including newspaper founder Clifton F. Richardson and educator Rutherford B. H. Yates.

McAllen, TX

In 1936, finding no church for African Americans in McAllen, Eugene and Georgia Hubbard founded Little Bethel Baptist Church on a corner of Fresno Street. Though the humble building had neither electricity nor indoor plumbing, it quickly became the heart of Black community life in the area. In 1941 the congregation moved to this site, built a new church with their own hands, and shortened the name to Bethel Baptist.

Longview, TX

The Rev. Richard Perry and nine deacons organized this congregation in 1874, holding early services under a brush arbor on land Perry and his wife Betty donated before a sanctuary was built that same year. Over the following decades the church added a Sunday School, missionary societies, and a succession of ever-larger buildings, the fourth erected on this site in 1956. It has long served the Longview area's African American community.

Livingston, TX

Organized in 1849 by a Baptist minister among settlers newly arrived from Louisiana, this congregation took root in antebellum Polk County, its early rolls including the enslaved members of settler families. Its first meeting house stood at the vanished town of Colita before being moved to Bold Springs in 1872, and the present building went up in 1901. The church's long migration traces the shifting geography of East Texas settlement.

Philadelphia, PA · est. 2019

In 1810 the trustees of Mother Bethel A.M.E. Church — the congregation founded by Richard Allen — purchased this ground as a cemetery for Philadelphia's free Black community, one of the first such independent burial places in the nation. Thousands were laid to rest here until burials ended in 1864. Decades later the city bought the land and built Weccacoe Park atop the graves, and the site's history nearly vanished from memory.

Coppell, TX

Set aside before 1853 by Peters Colony pioneer James Parrish on his farm along the Elm Fork of the Trinity, this cemetery holds the layered history of a vanished community—smallpox victims, Confederate veterans, former slaves, and six people killed in an 1869 lynching. Of an estimated two hundred graves, all but two have been lost to vandalism and development, leaving the resting places of two small children as almost the only visible markers.

Crockett, TX

Bethel Missionary Baptist Church began in 1865 under a brush arbor on land owned by its founding pastor, the Rev. Phillip Burrell—an origin rooted in the first months of freedom after emancipation. Burrell and his wife Jane deeded an acre for the church in 1877, and by 1894 the congregation built a permanent sanctuary under the Rev. Martin Reece, who served for 59 years. A brick church followed in 1952 as the congregation and its community ministries grew.

Cleburne, TX

Founded in Cleburne in 1887 by the Goodwin and Sims families with help from Fort Worth's Allen Chapel, this African Methodist Episcopal congregation took its name from Bishop Moses B. Salter. Its sanctuary moved across town in 1926 on land donated by a local family and with support from the Colored Knights of Pythias, while a sister congregation grew in nearby Oak Hill. The two merged in 1988 as Bethel Salter A.M.E., raising a new building by community hands in 1992.

Giddings, TX

Rooted in the Reconstruction-era religious life of Central Texas, this congregation began in a private home in 1874, the same year the La Grange Baptist District Association was organized. Worshipping first as Willow Grove Baptist Church in the neighborhood known as The Flat, it later merged with St. Paul Chapel and adopted the name Bethel Union Baptist Church, formally organizing in 1886. Generations of its pastors went on to lead the wider district association.

Marshall, TX

In 1867, just two years after emancipation, the Rev. William Massey gathered a congregation in his own home, naming it "Bethesda" for the biblical pool of healing. Its members grew into prominent business, educational, and political leaders and helped found Bishop College in 1881. Through a razed first building, a brick replacement, and a devastating 1953 fire, the congregation rebuilt again and again, raising the present structure under the Rev. James R. C. Pinn.

Terrell, TX

Bethlehem Baptist traces its roots to 1877, when Black worshipers led by missionary A. R. Griggs gathered under a brush arbor in Terrell during the hard years of Reconstruction. Under its first pastor, the Rev. P. W. Upshaw, the congregation raised a sanctuary and then repeatedly rebuilt—moving in 1889, erecting a new church in the early 1900s, and recovering after a 1939 fire to build anew in 1940. It endures as the oldest Black Baptist congregation in the city.

Cedar Lake, TX

In 1872 the Rev. Henry Woodard founded the Bethlehem Christian Church and deeded two acres for a church and cemetery to freedpersons who formed its first congregation. Woodard led the flock for 43 years until his death in 1915, and the members, who first gathered in a building that also served as the Cedar Lake School, raised new sanctuaries in 1913, 1951, and 1997. The church has long stood as a spiritual, social, and educational center for the Cedar Lake community.

Elkhart, TX

Organized in late 1861 with just seven members, this historically African-American congregation first worshipped under a brush arbor before securing property that in 1885 was deeded for use as both a meeting place and a school. It weathered an early-1900s split — when a breakaway group briefly formed a neighboring church — then reconciled and grew, erecting new buildings in the 1920s and again in the 1950s. For more than a century Beulah Baptist has served the Elkhart community as a center of worship and learning.

Gainesville, GA

This plaza honors John William Morrow, Jr., a Hall County native and World War II veteran who returned home to a lifetime of civic, religious, and governmental service. A founder of the Men's Progressive Club and one of the first minority members of the Gainesville school board, he was elected the city's first Black council member in 1978 and its first Black mayor in 1985, serving until his death in 1996.

Crosbyton, TX

The tiny community of Big Four, named for four houses clustered around a single windmill north of Crosbyton, took shape as settler families arrived in the early 1900s. A one-room schoolhouse went up in 1909, replaced by a two-room building in 1916 and joined by a community auditorium in 1936. As one of the last rural schools in Crosby County, it struggled with scarce funds and teachers before closing, after which its building was moved to serve the district's African American students.

Big Spring, TX

Public education took root in Howard County soon after its 1882 organization, and in 1901 the Big Spring School District rose with a brick 'Central Ward' school for all ten grades. As Permian Basin oil boomed in the late 1920s and Webb Air Force Base later swelled the town, the district grew — building separate schools for African-American and Mexican-American children, then becoming one of the first in Texas to enforce the Supreme Court's 1954 desegregation ruling in 1955.

Taylor, TX

Born around 1870 to a former slave and raised in Taylor, Bill Pickett revolutionized the rodeo by inventing "bulldogging," leaping from his horse to wrestle a steer to the ground by its horns. One of the very few Black cowboys on the circuit, he became an international sensation, performing across North America and Europe before a riding accident took his life in 1932. In 1971 he became the first African American inducted into the National Cowboy Hall of Fame.

Philadelphia, PA · est. 1993

Billie Holiday—"Lady Day"—transformed American popular song with a voice that turned every lyric into lived experience. Beginning in 1933 she recorded alongside giants like Benny Goodman and Teddy Wilson, and her searing rendition of "Strange Fruit" confronted the horror of lynching in a way no popular singer had dared. Deeply tied to Philadelphia, where she often lived, she remains one of the defining artists of twentieth-century jazz.

Pittsburgh, PA · est. 1994

Billy Eckstine grew up in this Pittsburgh house before becoming one of the most popular vocalists in America, a velvet-voiced jazz balladeer and bandleader. In the 1940s his big band became an incubator for the emerging bebop movement, giving early platforms to a remarkable roster of young talent, and his own recordings earned him eleven gold records. His smooth, sophisticated style helped redefine the American popular ballad.

Hillsborough, NC

Billy Strayhorn spent part of his boyhood in Hillsborough before growing into one of the most gifted composers in American jazz. As Duke Ellington's close collaborator, he wrote enduring standards including "Take the A Train," a signature of the Ellington Orchestra. His elegant, sophisticated melodies helped define the sound of an era.

Bleakwood, TX

Settlement of the Biloxi area began in the early 19th century as families moved into Texas from the southern states, and a post office opened in 1849. After the Civil War, many formerly enslaved people established homes here, forming a lasting community. Congregations including Biloxi C.M.E. Church, organized in 1870, and Pilgrim Rest Baptist Church, begun in 1921, along with a cemetery dating to the 1880s, anchored the settlement.

Birdston, TX

Birdston Valley took shape after the Civil War as a community of formerly enslaved people farming the rich bottomlands of Richland Creek. Its cemetery holds burials perhaps as early as the 1850s and many of the settlement's founders, and by the 1870s and 1880s residents had organized the Goodwill Baptist Church under its first pastor, Isom J. Collins. In 1907 they founded a Masonic lodge whose two-story hall also served as the community's schoolhouse.

Teague, TX

Harvey Means began at eighteen as a shoe-shine boy in a West Texas barber shop and, pressed one day by rowdy cowboys, picked up the shears and launched a fifty-four-year career. Settling in Fort Worth, he became a respected civic leader among Black Texans, helping to establish a hospital and a city park for the Black community and working steadily to improve race relations. He raised ten children, all of whom went on to college.

Flemingsburg, KY

Born in Flemingsburg in 1908, Herman Chittison first played hymns at a local Methodist church before launching a jazz career with Zach Whyte's Chocolate Beau Brummels in 1928. A gifted pianist, he recorded on American and French labels, accompanied singers Ethel Waters and Mildred Bailey, and toured with Louis Armstrong. He even acted the role of "Ernie" in the radio series Casey, Crime Photographer before his death in 1967.

Marshall, TX

Founded in 1881 by the Baptist Home Mission Society, Bishop College became Marshall's second historically Black college, funded by New York educator Nathan Bishop, his wife Caroline, and local Baptist ministers. Over the decades it taught more than twenty disciplines and trained ministers, and it fielded championship athletic teams. Martin Luther King Jr. addressed its 1960 commencement, and its students joined the sit-ins of the civil rights era before the campus relocated to Dallas; the school closed in 1988.

Lebanon, KY

John Lancaster Spalding was born in this Marion County community in 1840 and rose to become one of the most influential Catholic thinkers of 19th-century America. A precocious scholar who finished college at sixteen and was ordained in Belgium, he served in Louisville before being named the first Bishop of Peoria in 1877. He is remembered above all as a champion of Catholic higher education and a founder of the movement that led to The Catholic University of America.

Huntsville, TX

When federal support for Black education dried up after Reconstruction, African-American churches stepped in—and in 1883 leaders of the AME Church, backed by prominent Black citizens including Sam Houston's former slave Joshua Houston, opened Bishop Ward Normal and Collegiate Institute in Huntsville. Housed in a two-story brick building, it taught a classical curriculum of Latin, Greek, and mathematics alongside domestic and manual arts, drawing 164 students within a year. Though short-lived, the school left a deep mark on the community.

Albany, TX

This pioneer burial ground near old Fort Griffin holds more than a dozen graves of African Americans who lived and worked on the West Texas frontier. Two surviving markers name Elijah Earls, a barber the Fort Griffin Echo called a "tonsorial artist," and Marriah McKay Williams (1781–1891), who came to Texas as a free Black woman before the Civil War. When the fort disbanded, many African Americans stayed to homestead, ranch, and farm the surrounding land.

Bryan, TX

In 1885 the City of Bryan bought seven lots here for the "Bryan Public School for Colored," the first educational institution for Black children in Brazos County, opened under the 1876 Texas constitution's "separate but equal" mandate. Its first principal, A. H. Colwell, later became a prominent Black Republican and a Texas presidential elector, and its early teachers included Lenora Green, a classmate of W. E. B. Du Bois. The school rebuilt in brick after an 1914 fire, became Washington Elementary in 1930, and after a 1971 fire its students were integrated into the Bryan schools.

Anahuac, TX

When the 1869 Texas Constitution called for public schools open to Black and white children, the Freedmen's Bureau helped build a one-room schoolhouse for African Americans at Wallisville, one of the county's first. Over the following decades Black schools spread to Double Bayou, Turtle Bayou, and other communities, their sessions lasting only as long as families could pay a teacher, and children in Anahuac attended classes at St. James Methodist Church. Segregated high schools like George Washington Carver served older students until desegregation was completed in 1966.

Orange, TX

African American education in Orange County began in the 1870s in private homes and churches, then took root in schoolhouses like Duncan Woods No. 3 and the Orange Colored School after the county organized its districts in 1887. Under a succession of dedicated teachers and principals, the city school grew into Moton Elementary and High School, renamed for Tuskegee's Robert Russa Moton and later for local educator Emma Henderson Wallace, and celebrated for its campus, sports, and band. The system served hundreds of students and kept building new facilities right up to integration in 1966.

Orange, TX

As early as the 1870s, Orange County's Black families held school in churches and private homes, and by 1887 dedicated schools appeared in the Duncan Woods community and in Orange itself. The Orange Colored School was later renamed to honor educator Robert Russa Moton and again for longtime principal Emma H. Wallace. By 1960 the community supported additional schools including Franklin Elementary and North Junior High.

Seguin, TX

In 1871, in the hopeful early years of Reconstruction, Seguin's Second Baptist Church sponsored the first public school for Black children in the town, and two ministers — Leonard Ilsley and William Baton Ball — saw a frame schoolhouse raised on this site and named it the Abraham Lincoln School, with Ball as its first principal. It joined the public system in 1892 and was renamed Ball High School in 1925, serving Seguin's Black community until integration in 1966. Its long life traces the whole arc from freedom to full inclusion.

Oakland, CA

On August 1, 1967, a traffic signal went up in Oakland, California — not by ordinary city routine, but as the result of a community campaign led by the Black Panther Party. Founded in Oakland the year before, the Panthers paired their national profile with local organizing on issues as concrete as a dangerous intersection. The stoplight became a small, tangible monument to grassroots power.

Boise, ID

As tensions over slavery pushed emigrants west in the 1840s and 1850s, laws in the Oregon Country sought to bar both enslaved people and free Black settlers — yet a determined few came anyway. Among them was Elvina Moulton, who walked the trail and settled in Boise in the 1860s, declaring she would walk no farther. She built a life taking in laundry and became a charter member of the city's First Presbyterian Church.

Durham, NC

In the early twentieth century, Durham's Parrish Street earned a national nickname: Black Wall Street. Along it clustered African American enterprises including the North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance Company, led by John Merrick, Dr. Aaron Moore, and C. C. Spaulding, and the Mechanics and Farmers Bank, led by R. B. Fitzgerald and W. G. Pearson. Together they made Durham a byword for Black entrepreneurship.

Plantersville vicinity, TX

Settled by families from the Lower South along John's Creek, Blackberry had become a largely African American community by the late nineteenth century. Residents raised livestock, cotton, and corn, and at its height the settlement supported a cotton gin, grist mill, and stores. Macedonia Baptist Church, dating from 1870, anchored the community and doubled as the local African American school. Though population has thinned since the Great Depression, descendants still return each year for the church's homecoming.

Austin, TX

Opened in 1891 in the community then called Gregory Town, this school provided free public education to African-American children under a succession of names — School No. 3, Gregory Town School, Gregory School — before being renamed in 1936 for Edward L. Blackshear, a teacher and principal who left Austin in 1895 to head Prairie View College. A school library arrived in 1934, and facilities expanded as enrollment grew. The school now serves an ethnically diverse student body from pre-K through sixth grade.

Wolfe City, TX

Built in 1923, Blanton School was one of thousands of schools for Black children created through the partnership of educator Booker T. Washington and Sears president Julius Rosenwald, who matched funds raised by the local African American community. Its design maximized natural light and ventilation, and its calendar bent to the cotton harvest so students could work the fields each fall. With just three teachers for seventy students in grades one through eight, it served Wolfe City's Black families until Hunt County schools integrated in 1965.

Wortham, TX

Born near Wortham around the turn of the century, Blind Lemon Jefferson began as a street musician singing spirituals and blues to his own guitar, sharpening his craft in Dallas's Deep Ellum district. Discovered by a talent scout in the 1920s, he recorded some 79 sides in Chicago, his distinctive voice and self-composed songs shaping generations of jazz and blues artists.

Beaumont, TX

Born near Independence, Texas, in 1897 and blinded as a child, Willie Johnson learned gospel songs in church and taught himself slide guitar—his first instrument reportedly made from a cigar box. Between 1927 and 1930 he recorded thirty haunting songs for Columbia's 'Race' series, performing on sidewalks and preaching for the rest of his life from his Beaumont home. His raspy voice and searing bottleneck guitar earned him little in his lifetime, but decades after his 1945 death his music was rediscovered and widely covered. In 1977 his 'Dark Was the Night, Cold Was the Ground' was chosen for the Voyager 1 Golden Record, carrying his sound beyond the solar system.