Historic Markers in Pennsylvania

Mount Joy Township, PA · est. 1947

As the fighting opened, Union reinforcements streamed toward Gettysburg along these country roads. The 12th Corps reached this point on the afternoon of July 1, 1863, and soon took position on Culp's Hill, the anchor of the Union right. Over the next day the 6th and 5th Corps followed, filling out the fishhook line that would hold against Lee's attacks.

Cumberland Township, PA · est. 1947

On the first day of the battle, the Union 11th Corps hurried up from the Emmitsburg Road and turned north here toward Gettysburg to support the troops already engaged. That night the 2nd Corps encamped at this spot as the army massed for the fighting to come. These crossroads marked the steady flow of blue columns toward the battle line.

Tyrone Township, PA · est. 1947

Robert Rodes led his Confederate division back from Carlisle to rejoin Lee's concentrating army, camping here on the night of June 30, 1863. The next morning his men marched west toward Biglerville — then called Middletown — and on toward the developing fight at Gettysburg. Rodes' troops would strike the Union line from the north on the battle's first day.

Cumberland Township, PA · est. 1947

On July 1, 1863, Robert Rodes' Confederate division came down this road from Carlisle toward the sound of battle at Gettysburg. Here his men turned along the ridge toward Oak Hill, seizing high ground from which to strike the exposed Union flank. Their attack helped collapse the Northern line north of town on the battle's opening day.

Hamilton Township, PA · est. 1947

Late in June 1863, before the armies met at Gettysburg, Jubal Early's Confederates swept east toward the Susquehanna. John B. Gordon's brigade passed here on June 27 bound for York, while Early's main force took a parallel route through Hampton and East Berlin. Both columns entered York the following day, part of the deepest Confederate thrust into Pennsylvania.

Cumberland Township, PA · est. 1947

On the morning of July 1, 1863, the Battle of Gettysburg opened when Union cavalry under John Buford met A. P. Hill's advancing Confederates coming from the west. Buford's dismounted troopers bought precious time until infantry could arrive, but the appearance of Ewell's corps that afternoon forced the outnumbered Union men back through the town. The stage was set for two more days of decisive fighting.

Freedom Township, PA · est. 1947

In the final days of June 1863, tens of thousands of Union soldiers were converging on the Pennsylvania crossroads town of Gettysburg. The 1st Corps camped on this ground on June 30 before marching at dawn to support John Buford's cavalry, which was already skirmishing with Confederate forces west of town. That collision opened the three-day battle that became the war's great turning point.

South Middleton Township, PA · est. 1947

On July 1, 1863, Gen. J.E.B. Stuart's Confederate cavalry rode into the Carlisle area by way of Dover and Dillsburg, only to find that Gen. Ewell's troops had already moved on the day before. Stuart put the U.S. Cavalry Barracks to the torch and then turned toward Gettysburg, where the battle that would decide the campaign had just begun. The moment captures the confusion and hard riding that shaped the Gettysburg Campaign's opening.

Carlisle, PA · est. 1947

On June 27, 1863, Gen. Ewell's Confederate corps marched along this road into Carlisle as part of Lee's bold invasion aimed at Harrisburg, sending Jenkins' cavalry ahead to scout the way. Two days later, Lee recalled Ewell to concentrate the army near Cashtown, drawing the Confederates back toward the ground where the Battle of Gettysburg would unfold. This road traced the high-water line of the Southern thrust into Pennsylvania.

Greene Township, PA · est. 1947

In late June 1863, Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia poured north into Pennsylvania, and General Richard S. Ewell's corps marched this road bound for Carlisle with orders to threaten the state capital at Harrisburg. Before he could strike, Ewell was recalled on June 29 to concentrate with Lee near Cashtown. Within days those converging roads would funnel both armies into the fields around Gettysburg.

Guilford Township, PA · est. 1947

Chambersburg felt the Confederate invasion early: General Albert G. Jenkins' Southern cavalry rode in on June 15, 1863, well ahead of the main army, and returned to lead the advance a week later. On June 26, Robert E. Lee himself entered the town at the head of the Army of Northern Virginia. From this staging ground the Confederates fanned out across south-central Pennsylvania in the days before Gettysburg.

Ayr Township, PA · est. 1947

This corner of the Cumberland Valley changed hands repeatedly during the 1863 invasion, occupied three times by Confederate columns pushing north. General Albert G. Jenkins' cavalry came first on June 19, followed by General George H. Steuart's troops in late June and, after a brief skirmish with Union forces, General John D. Imboden's command on June 29. Each passage marked the shifting tide of Lee's campaign.

Penn Township, PA · est. 1947

In late June 1863, Robert E. Lee's Confederate army swept deep into Pennsylvania, and General Jubal Early's division ranged across York County ahead of the main force. On June 27, men detached by General John B. Gordon passed through Hanover by this route to destroy a railroad bridge at Hanover Junction, cutting Union communications. Their work done, the raiders rejoined Gordon as the armies drew toward a collision at Gettysburg.

Penn Township, PA · est. 1947

As the Gettysburg Campaign reached its crisis, Union cavalry under General Judson Kilpatrick scoured the countryside hunting for J.E.B. Stuart's Confederate horsemen. On June 30, 1863, Stuart struck here, but was repulsed. Cut off from Early's departed column, Stuart rode north to Carlisle and did not reach the Gettysburg battlefield until July 2 — a delay that left Lee blind to Union movements at a critical hour.

Dover Township, PA · est. 1947

In the last days of June 1863, part of General Jubal Early's Confederate division advanced on York along this road, spreading Lee's army across southern Pennsylvania. From here Early sent Colonel French toward York Haven to burn the Susquehanna bridges, hoping to sever the region's rail links. Then, ordered to concentrate with Lee, most of Early's men marched back over this same road on June 30 toward the fields at Gettysburg.

Wrightsville, PA · est. 1947

On June 28, 1863, Confederate troops sent by General Jubal Early reached Wrightsville, aiming to cross the mile-long Susquehanna bridge and press on toward Harrisburg, the state capital. Rather than let the enemy over the river, retreating Union militia set the great covered bridge ablaze. The flames barred the Confederate advance and marked the farthest eastward reach of Lee's invasion.

West Manchester Township, PA · est. 1947

On June 28, 1863, General John B. Gordon's brigade of Early's division marched through York along this route on its way to Wrightsville and the Susquehanna. Early's main force lingered here in York until June 30, when it turned west to reunite with Lee's army. Within days those same soldiers would be fighting at Gettysburg, the greatest battle of the war.

Berwick Township, PA · est. 1948

In late June 1863, as Robert E. Lee's army spread across southern Pennsylvania, Confederate divisions under Jubal Early swept eastward toward the Susquehanna. Troops led by John B. Gordon marched past this spot on June 27 bound for York, while Early's main column moved along a parallel road through Hampton and East Berlin. Both wings converged on York the next day — the deepest penetration the Confederacy would make into the North before the armies collided days later at Gettysburg.

Guilford Township, PA · est. 1948

In late June 1863, Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia had pushed deep into Pennsylvania, and Lee himself made Chambersburg his headquarters. Learning that Union forces had crossed the Potomac and were closing in, he ordered his scattered corps to concentrate near Cashtown and marched out of the city along this road. Within days those converging armies would collide a few miles east at Gettysburg.

Carlisle, PA · est. 1949

By late June 1863, Confederate General Richard Ewell's corps had pushed as far north as Carlisle, the high-water reach of Lee's invasion of Pennsylvania. On June 28 Ewell received Robert E. Lee's orders to concentrate the army, and over the next day his divisions marched south from Carlisle over this road through Mount Holly Springs, York Springs, and Heidlersburg toward a small crossroads town called Gettysburg. Those movements set the stage for the war's most consequential battle.

Snake Spring Township, PA · est. 1963

In June 1863, as Robert E. Lee's army pushed north into Pennsylvania, militia under Colonel J.C. Higgins dug the entrenchments still traceable along these roadsides to guard the vital railroad at Altoona against a feared Confederate thrust. The threat never materialized: as the armies converged on Gettysburg at the end of June, the danger passed and the earthworks were never tested. They remain a quiet trace of the anxiety that gripped the Pennsylvania countryside that summer.

Camp Hill, PA · est. 1963

In the last days of June 1863, as Robert E. Lee's army pushed north, Confederate cavalry under General Albert G. Jenkins probed toward the Pennsylvania capital at Harrisburg. Oyster Point, near present-day Camp Hill, marked the high-water mark of that advance before local militia met the Southerners in a sharp skirmish on June 29. Within days the Confederate tide would recede toward the fields of Gettysburg.

Waynesboro, PA · est. 1964

On June 23, 1863, Confederate troops under General Jubal Early occupied Waynesboro as Lee's army swept into Pennsylvania. The next day they marched by Mont Alto toward Greenwood, and on June 25 received General Ewell's order to press on to York. These movements were part of the wide Confederate sweep across south-central Pennsylvania in the days before the armies converged at Gettysburg.

Antrim Township, PA · est. 1964

On June 22, 1863, the 1st New York Cavalry clashed here with the Confederate advance guard under General Albert G. Jenkins, one of the first armed encounters as Lee's army entered Pennsylvania. In the fighting Corporal William H. Rihl of Philadelphia fell—the first Union soldier killed in action on Pennsylvania soil. He was buried near where he died, and this ground became his memorial.

Hampden Township, PA · est. 1997

As Robert E. Lee's army pushed deep into Pennsylvania in the summer of 1863, its advance reached almost to the state capital before turning back toward a small town called Gettysburg. Here at Sporting Hill on June 30, hastily mustered New York militia and a Philadelphia battery clashed with Confederate cavalry probing the defenses of Harrisburg. It was the northernmost fighting of the entire campaign, and the graycoats soon withdrew toward Carlisle, leaving their dead behind.

Antrim Township, PA · est. 1997

In the tense weeks before the guns opened at Gettysburg, Confederate columns poured north through the Cumberland Valley on their way to the largest battle ever fought on American soil. General Richard S. Ewell's Second Corps used this route in June 1863 to spearhead Lee's second invasion of the North, with Jubal Early's division peeling off toward Waynesboro. Within days these same forces would converge on a small crossroads town to the east, where three days of fighting decided the campaign.

Straban Township, PA · est. 1998

On July 3, 1863, as the great battle raged at Gettysburg, a major cavalry fight unfolded about a mile southeast of here. Union horsemen under Gen. David McM. Gregg met Confederate cavalry led by Gen. J.E.B. Stuart, whose aim was to strike the Union rear at the decisive moment. Through a series of mounted charges Gregg's troopers drove Stuart from the field, blunting the threat.

Hampden Township, PA · est. 2001

In the last days of June 1863, as Lee's army pushed deep into Pennsylvania, Confederate cavalry commander Brig. Gen. Albert G. Jenkins made his headquarters in this 1787 Rupp family house. His brigade, attached to Ewell's Corps, had ridden through Mechanicsburg to scout the approaches to the state capital at Harrisburg, with an attack planned for June 30. That assault never came—the troops were recalled south to concentrate at Gettysburg, and the war's greatest battle opened instead.

Reading Township, PA · est. 2008

In the last days of June 1863, as the armies converged on Gettysburg, part of Confederate General Jubal Early's division tramped past this ground on its march toward York. Passing by Mummasburg and Hunterstown on June 27, the troops returned two days later along a route just to the north, heading toward Heidlersburg. Their movements were part of the sweeping maneuvers that set the stage for the war's most consequential battle.

Straban Township, PA · est. 2020

As the armies converged on Gettysburg, the fighting spilled into the surrounding countryside. Near Hunterstown on July 2, 1863, Union cavalry under Gen. Judson Kilpatrick — with brigades led by the young George A. Custer and Elon J. Farnsworth — clashed with Confederate horsemen under Gen. Wade Hampton. The four-hour running fight ended with neither side able to claim a clear victory.

Ayr Township, PA · est. 2021

As Robert E. Lee's army pushed into Pennsylvania in June 1863, Confederate raiding parties fanned out into Fulton County to seize horses, livestock, and supplies. On June 29, troopers of the 1st New York Cavalry struck one such party, killing two enemy soldiers, wounding several, and capturing 32 men including their captain. The two Confederate dead were buried here by local residents.

Jefferson, PA · est. 2009

In the tense weeks before the Battle of Gettysburg in the summer of 1863, the war came to the doorsteps of ordinary York County families. As thousands of Confederate and Union troops marched through Jefferson, both armies seized horses, livestock, and food, and Gen. J.E.B. Stuart's cavalry occupied the town at the end of June. Days later those same roads funneled the armies toward the fields of Gettysburg, where the war's turning point would unfold.

Philadelphia, PA

Neighbors set this stone — carried from the battlefield at Gettysburg — in 1916 to mark the site of one of the Civil War's largest Union military hospitals, the West Philadelphia General, later renamed Satterlee General Hospital. Sprawling across West Philadelphia, Satterlee treated tens of thousands of sick and wounded soldiers, including many brought north from Gettysburg itself in July 1863. A piece of the battlefield thus commemorates the place where its casualties were nursed.

Philadelphia, PA · est. 2005

This was home to the Giannini family, a celebrated musical dynasty of the early 20th century. Father Ferruccio, a tenor, sang on one of the first phonograph discs in 1896; his daughter Dusolina became a Metropolitan Opera soprano, and his son Vittorio a composer who taught at the Curtis Institute and Juilliard. Their careers linked Philadelphia to the great stages and conservatories of American music.

Milford Township, PA · est. 1948

Gifford Pinchot made his family seat at Grey Towers in Milford, the ancestral home of a line long rooted in this corner of Pennsylvania. Born in Connecticut in 1865, he became the nation's foremost forester and a champion of conserving America's woodlands and natural resources. He also served two terms as governor of Pennsylvania in the 1920s and 1930s before his death in 1946.

Dingman Township, PA · est. 1948

Gifford Pinchot was one of the towering figures of the American conservation movement, a forester who helped invent the very idea that the nation's woodlands should be managed for the long term rather than simply cut over. Born in 1865, he kept his family's ancestral seat at Grey Towers in nearby Milford and twice served as governor of Pennsylvania before his death in 1946. This Pike County cemetery, in the wooded highlands he loved, holds his grave.

Milford Township, PA · est. 1948

As the first chief of the U.S. Forest Service, Gifford Pinchot built the framework for managing America's national forests, then carried that reforming energy into the Pennsylvania governor's office. His first term overhauled state government; his second became famous for paving farm-to-market roads across the commonwealth to fight Depression-era unemployment and, as he put it, "get the farmer out of the mud." This very stretch of road was among those improved, near his family home at Grey Towers.

Gilberton, PA

In the heart of Pennsylvania's anthracite coal region, the small borough of Gilberton raised this tribute to the local men and women who served in the nation's defense. Communities like this one sent a remarkable share of their sons and daughters into uniform, and the hard coal mined from these hills helped power the country through its 20th-century wars. The memorial gathers that shared sacrifice into a single, lasting promise of remembrance.

Philadelphia, PA · est. 2011

When Giovanni's Room opened in Philadelphia in 1973, being openly gay could still cost a person their job, home, or safety. The bookstore became far more than a place to buy books — it was a gathering spot, a source of hard-to-find resources, and a refuge for a community just beginning to organize. As one of the nation's oldest LGBT bookstores, it stood at the dawn of the modern movement for gay and lesbian civil rights.

Philadelphia, PA · est. 1992

Stephen Girard's 1831 will founded a school for poor white orphan boys, and for more than a century that racial restriction stood. Beginning in the 1930s, attorney Raymond Pace Alexander challenged it, and lawyer Cecil B. Moore later carried the fight into the federal courts. A 1968 ruling finally opened Girard College to students of all races, making its walls a landmark of the modern civil rights struggle.

Philadelphia, PA · est. 2001

On Armistice Day 1932, Philadelphia Girl Scouts baked cookies and sold them in the display windows of the local gas and electric company, turning a simple fundraiser into a local sensation. The idea spread through the city as a yearly tradition, and by 1936 the national Girl Scouts had adopted the cookie sale as an official program. What began as girls behind a store window grew into one of the most recognizable youth enterprises in the country.

Dunbar Township, PA · est. 1948

Christopher Gist was a frontier surveyor for the Ohio Company who accompanied the young George Washington on his 1753 mission to warn the French at Fort LeBoeuf. He settled this plantation in the wilderness in 1753, but the following year the frontier war caught up with it: Washington paused his campaign here in 1754 before falling back to Fort Necessity, and pursuing French forces destroyed the place. It was one of the earliest English settlements west of the Alleghenies.

Thornbury Township, PA · est. 1997

This Delaware County hamlet grew up around water-powered industry that reached back before the Revolution, when a forge was raised here around 1739 and Pennsylvania's first iron-slitting mill followed in 1746. Nearly a century later the Willcox family turned the site to papermaking, and in the years after the Civil War their mill produced paper for United States currency—engineered so cleverly to defeat counterfeiters that it earned international fame. By the time the railroad station arrived in 1882, Glen Mills bustled as a center of commerce.

York, PA · est. 1949

The old Globe Inn that once stood here was York's finest lodging, welcoming statesmen, officers, and travelers passing through the town. Its most celebrated guest arrived in 1825, when the aging Marquis de Lafayette, touring the nation he had helped free, was honored with a grand reception. His gracious toast—"To the Town of York"—was long remembered as a highlight of that triumphal visit.

Washington, PA · est. 1953

Opened in 1798 by David Morris, the Globe Inn stood at the heart of Washington during the golden age of the National Road, the federal highway that carried a river of travelers, freight, and stagecoaches across the Alleghenies. Its guest register boasted five U.S. presidents, and in May 1825 the inn hosted the Marquis de Lafayette during his triumphant farewell tour of the nation he had helped free. The Globe was a premier stop on one of early America's most important overland routes.

Philadelphia, PA · est. 2006

At the height of the Cold War, the CIA hatched one of its boldest intelligence gambits: recovering a Soviet submarine from three miles down in the Pacific. The cover story was billionaire Howard Hughes mining the seabed for manganese, but the true purpose was espionage, and the Glomar Explorer—built at the Sun Shipbuilding yard in Chester—was the improbable machine to do it. In 1974 its giant claw lifted portions of the wreck, and the recovered Soviet sailors were given a burial at sea.

Philadelphia, PA · est. 2021

Gloria Casarez began as a grassroots organizer in Philadelphia, fighting for economic justice, welfare rights, and affordable housing before becoming a leading voice for LGBTQ+ equality. She directed the Gay and Lesbian Latino AIDS Education Initiative, building nationally recognized programs for men of color and transgender people. Appointed the city's first director of LGBT Affairs, she helped Philadelphia adopt some of the strongest LGBT protections in the country.

Philadelphia, PA · est. 1954

Gloria Dei traces its congregation to 1677 and its distinctive Swedish-designed church, built between 1698 and 1703, replacing an earlier log blockhouse used for worship. It stands as the oldest church in Philadelphia and a rare survivor of New Sweden, the short-lived Swedish colony that predated William Penn along the Delaware.

Lehighton, PA · est. 2005

In 1746 Moravian missionaries established Gnadenhuetten, a mission town meant to shelter a growing community of Mohican and Delaware converts and the first European settlement in what is now Carbon County. As the French and Indian War engulfed the frontier, tensions boiled over, and on November 24, 1755, the settlement was attacked and burned in a raid encouraged by the French. The victims were laid to rest in what is now the Lehighton Cemetery nearby.

New Kensington, PA

In the mill towns of the Allegheny Valley, as across America, a "Gold Star Mother" was a woman who had lost a son or daughter in the nation's wars — the gold star replacing the blue one families hung in their windows while a loved one served. This honor roll gathers the names tied to New Kensington's fallen, a community's ledger of grief kept in bronze and stone. The tradition took hold after World War I and endured through the wars that followed.

York, PA · est. 2002

Built around 1741 by Martin Eichelberger in the earliest days of what would become York, the Golden Plough Tavern is a rare survivor of the medieval-style half-timber construction that German immigrants carried across the Atlantic. Its exposed timber framing, filled with masonry, reflects building traditions centuries old in the Rhineland but almost unknown in the English colonies. For generations it served travelers as a tavern along the colonial frontier of Pennsylvania.

Hickory Township, PA · est. 1947

When the Moravian missionary David Zeisberger arrived in this stretch of the upper Allegheny in 1767, the name Goschgoschink applied to all three of the refugee Indian towns clustered along the river here. It was later attached specifically to the "Upper Town" that stood across the water. These were communities of displaced Delaware, Munsee, and Seneca peoples, gathered in the Ohio country during a decade of upheaval that followed the French and Indian War and preceded the American Revolution.

Bally, PA · est. 1947

In 1743 the Jesuit priest Theodore Schneider established a Catholic mission at Goshenhoppen, founding the third Catholic mission and the first Catholic school in colonial Pennsylvania—remarkable in an era when public Catholic worship was banned in most of British America. The community later took the name Bally to honor Father Augustin Bally, a long-serving pastor. William Penn's promise of religious tolerance made such a foothold possible here.

Philadelphia, PA · est. 2026

Gouverneur Morris served as a Pennsylvania delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1787, and it was his pen that gave the finished document much of its final polish. He is remembered as the "Penman of the Constitution" for drafting the Preamble and its ringing opening words, "We the People." During that momentous summer he lodged at Mary Dalley's boarding house nearby.

Tinicum Township, PA · est. 1948

On this low island in the Delaware, Swedish colonists founded New Sweden's foothold in 1643, the first permanent European settlement in what is now Pennsylvania. Here stood the Printzhof, the fortified residence and capitol of Governor Johan Printz, the imposing leader who governed the tiny colony. Though New Sweden was short-lived, this ground marks where organized European settlement in Pennsylvania began, decades before William Penn's arrival.

Harrisburg, PA · est. 1996

Across Front Street stands the official home of Pennsylvania's governor, a Georgian Revival house completed in 1968. It is the third executive residence Harrisburg has hosted, succeeding the long-serving "Keystone Hall," which stood further south along the Susquehanna for nearly a century before being demolished in 1960. The marker captures a quiet moment of civic continuity — the passing of one seat of state hospitality to another.

Harrisburg, PA · est. 1996

This is the working home of Pennsylvania's governor, finished in 1968 on Harrisburg's riverfront. It is the third official executive mansion the capital has maintained, part of a lineage of residences that have housed the state's chief executives and their public duties. The house stands as the modern face of a tradition of gubernatorial hospitality reaching back generations.

Harrisburg, PA · est. 1968

When fire destroyed Pennsylvania's state capitol on February 2, 1897, the work of government could not simply stop. This Harrisburg church opened its doors as the temporary home of the state legislature while a magnificent new capitol rose to replace the ruined one. For a time, laws for one of the nation's largest states were debated beneath its roof.

East Pikeland Township, PA · est. 2014

Graceanna Lewis was among the best-educated female naturalists of nineteenth-century America, devoting her life to botany and zoology at a time when science was largely closed to women. She displayed her ambitious Chart of the Animal Kingdom at the 1876 Centennial Exposition and won awards for her scientific drawings at later world's fairs. A Quaker abolitionist, she also aided freedom seekers on the Underground Railroad at her family's nearby farm.

Philadelphia, PA

Erected by the City Councils of Philadelphia in 1848, this monument honors Frederick Graff, the engineer who designed and built the Fairmount Water Works on the Schuylkill River. Completed in the 1810s, the Water Works pumped clean water to a growing Philadelphia and became one of the most admired public works in the young nation, drawing sightseers from across America and Europe. Graff's design married engineering ingenuity with graceful classical architecture, setting a standard for American municipal infrastructure.