Search Markers

Wimberley, TX

Lillie Josephine Wagner married John Richard Dobie Jr. in 1901, and the couple bought this Wimberley land in 1911 to run a dairy. After the first house burned, John built the craftsman-style cottage and garage in 1920, and Lillie delivered milk to the community in her Model A Ford. She kept the home until her death in 1971; a century on, the little house with its exposed rafter ends and original beadboard survives as a village store.

Lubbock, TX

Mae Murfee began teaching in rural Lubbock County in 1905 and spent a lifetime transforming education on the South Plains. She became the first woman principal of Lubbock Junior High in 1914, started the city's first high school library from her own bookshelf in 1916, introduced visual-aid teaching with equipment she bought herself, and as county superintendent standardized every school in the county. She also worked to bring Texas Tech to Lubbock, and the school bearing her name honors a career given entirely to public service.

Mexia, TX

In the small Central Texas town of Mexia, Laura T. Rogers ran an extraordinary music school directly across from the public school for four decades beginning in 1880. From dawn to dusk, six days a week, she drilled generations of children on four pianos at once, sometimes eight students playing together, and staged recitals and dramas that spilled into the yard. As a longtime church organist and choir director, she made music a fixture of community life in an era when small towns built their culture themselves.

Anderson, TX

Around 1840, in the days of the Republic of Texas, children learned their letters here from the famous 'blue-back speller' for a fee of three dollars a month. The modest schoolhouse, later known as the Allen Home, is a rare survivor from the earliest era of Texas education. It recalls a time when schooling was a private arrangement paid for by families, one lesson at a time.

Oldenburg, IN

Oldenburg — long nicknamed the "Village of Spires" — was settled in the 1830s and 1840s by German Catholic immigrants who filled southeastern Indiana with churches, convents, and roadside devotions. This mission cross carries a German inscription drawn from scripture, "He who perseveres to the end will be saved," the kind of memorial raised after a parish mission to keep the community's renewed faith visible in daily life. Such crosses were fixtures of German Catholic settlements, blending Old World piety with a new American home.

Presidio vicinity, TX

In 1683–1684, Father Fray Nicolas Lopez and Juan Dominguez de Mendoza established this as one of nine Spanish missions across the Big Bend country. Franciscan missionaries maintained it to convert and settle the Jumano, Julimes, and other Native peoples of the region. It stood at the far frontier of Spanish colonial ambition in what is now West Texas.

Victoria, TX

Traditionally called the first great cattle ranch in Texas, Espíritu Santo traces to a 1722 Spanish mission that moved to this stretch of the Guadalupe River in 1726—giving Mission Valley its name. The mission's ranching operation swelled to an estimated 40,000 head and helped shape the famed Texas longhorn, and after secularization the land passed through Spanish and Mexican grants to owners like Quincy Davidson, who by 1878 controlled nearly all the cattle in Victoria County. Operated continuously since the eighteenth century, the ranch and the ruins of its mission preserve a deep record of Spanish colonial Texas.

Balmorhea, TX

From 1895 to 1935 Father Nicholas Brocardus Eiken served scattered mission stations across this remote corner of far West Texas, among them Mission Mary, established by 1902 in the Calera community. The original adobe-and-rubble sanctuary was raised in 1925, its pillars later removed when the walls were plastered in the 1940s, and the little church still stands with its bell tower and exposed rafter tails. Most of the area's small missions — and the town of Calera itself — have since vanished.

Roma, TX

In 1750 this stretch of the Rio Grande frontier was folded into José de Escandón's ambitious colonization of Nuevo Santander, the Spanish crown's effort to settle the lower river valley. A visita — a mission station served by a priest from a larger parish — was placed here to draw the region's Indigenous people into Spanish colonial and Christian life. It marked the northern edge of an empire reaching up from Mexico.

New Braunfels, TX

Spanish Franciscans founded this short-lived mission in 1757 to draw the Tonkawa, Mayeye, and allied peoples into Catholic mission life, relocating it from the failed San Xavier missions on the San Gabriel River. The effort collapsed almost immediately, and the mission was abandoned in 1758. Its brief existence reflects the strained final decades of Spain's mission system in central Texas.

Wallisville, TX

Founded near here in 1756, the mission of Our Lady of the Light and its companion Presidio San Agustín de Ahumada were among Spain's most star-crossed outposts in Texas, planted to block French expansion from Louisiana and to minister to the Orcoquisac people. Fever, biting insects, brackish water, meager supplies, and cruel officers wore the little garrison down; the promised colonists never came, and conversions failed. By 1767 an inspector urged closure, and in 1771, fearing an Apache attack, the Spanish abandoned both posts entirely.

Douglass, TX

Founded in 1716 during Domingo Ramón's expedition, this mission stood in a village of the Hainai, the leading people of the Hasinai (Tejas) Caddo, and served as headquarters for Spain's early East Texas missions. Priests, soldiers, Spanish governors, and French traders all passed through, and the noted Caddo interpreter Angelina lived here. Abandoned amid French-Spanish conflict and later relocated to the San Antonio River, it marked Spain's fragile first grip on the region.

Socorro, TX

Founded in 1680 for Piros Indians who fled south during the Pueblo Revolt in New Mexico, Socorro's mission became — with nearby Ysleta — one of the oldest continuously occupied settlements in the Southwest. By 1750 the town counted nearly 500 Indians alongside a few dozen Spaniards. The present adobe church, built about 1840 with walls several feet thick, blends the basic Spanish mission form with distinct Indian craftsmanship.

San Augustine, TX

Padre Fray Antonio Margil de Jesus established this Spanish mission in 1716 to convert and minister to the Ais Indians of East Texas. French incursions from Louisiana forced its temporary abandonment in 1719, but the Marquis of Aguayo restored it in 1721. Beyond its religious purpose, the mission helped anchor the Spanish crown's claim to the contested province of Texas.

Goliad, TX

Founded in 1722 by the Aguayo Expedition to guard Spanish territory against French and Indian threats, Mission Espíritu Santo de Zúñiga was paired with the Presidio La Bahía and named in part for a viceroy of New Spain. After two relocations it settled here on the San Antonio River in 1749, where it grew into a ranching powerhouse — vast cattle herds supplied settlements in Mexico and missions across Texas, and roughly 180 people lived at the mission and fort by 1758. Secularized in 1830, it fell to ruin before being partially restored in the 1930s.

Edna, TX

Founded in 1722 by the Marquis of Aguayo and Father Fray Agustín Patrón, this Franciscan mission was established to convert and settle the Karankawa, Cujane, Coco, Copane, and other coastal tribes, sheltered by the nearby Presidio de Nuestra Señora de Loreto. Both mission and presidio soon moved—to the Guadalupe River in 1726 and finally to the site near Goliad in 1749. The State of Texas marked the original location in 1936.

Goliad, TX

On the coastal plains of Spanish Texas in 1754, Franciscans established Mission Nuestra Señora del Rosario to bring Christianity and European agriculture to the Cujane people, one of several coastal groups the Spanish grouped under the Karankawa umbrella. Named by the nearby Presidio La Bahía's commander for his home parish in Spain, the mission at its height grazed some 30,000 head of cattle. But Indian lands and herds were eventually claimed by the crown, and by 1807 Rosario was abandoned and its acreage handed to Spanish settlers.

Rio Arriba County, NM

This cross is a remembrance ("recuerdo") of a Catholic parish mission held on March 16, 1888, in the Hispano villages of Rio Arriba County. Religious missions—intense periods of preaching and devotion—were important community events in northern New Mexico's tight-knit Spanish-speaking settlements. The dated marker is a modest survivor of that 19th-century faith life.

San Antonio, TX

Founded in San Antonio in 1731 after a long migration from an earlier East Texas mission, San Francisco de la Espada was the southernmost of the city's five Spanish missions. Within a generation its Indian converts were raising grain, cattle, and sheep behind a walled compound of chapel, friary, and workshops, guarded by a fortified stone bastion still standing today. Its dam, irrigation ditch, and aqueduct — the only surviving Spanish aqueduct in the United States — watered the fields.

San Antonio, TX

To make Mission Espada permanent, Franciscan missionaries and their Indian laborers built a dam, irrigation ditch, and aqueduct on the San Antonio River between about 1740 and 1745. The 270-foot dam curved "the wrong way" yet held, and the aqueduct — where tradition says goat's milk was mixed into the mortar — carried water over Piedras Creek to fields of maize, beans, melons, and cotton. Surviving floods, raids, and secularization, the works were repaired in 1895, saved by the San Antonio Conservation Society in 1941, and named a National Historic Landmark in 1965.

Presidio vicinity, TX

In 1683–1684, Franciscan father Nicolas Lopez and Juan Dominguez de Mendoza established a string of missions in the Big Bend country, of which San Francisco de los Julimes was one. The mission aimed to convert and settle the Jumano, Julimes, and other Native peoples of the Rio Grande region under Spanish colonial rule. It reflects the northern edge of Spain's missionary frontier in what is now far West Texas.

Grapeland, TX

In May 1690, Spanish missionaries planted Mission San Francisco de los Tejas among the Nabedache people, part of the Caddoan Tejas confederacy whose name the Spanish borrowed for the land itself — "Tejas." It was the first Spanish mission in what would become East Texas, a fragile outpost meant to counter French ambitions in the region and to draw the Tejas into the Spanish colonial fold. The marker was placed in 1934 by early Texas preservationists working to fix the mission's location on the ground.

Grapeland, TX

In 1690 Franciscan friars founded San Francisco de los Tejas, the first Spanish mission in East Texas, after explorer Alonso de León led his fifth expedition into the region to gauge the Tejas peoples and hunt for lingering traces of La Salle's French venture. From the word "tejas"—the Hasinai term for "friend"—came the name of the future state. Beset by isolation, epidemics, weak defenses, and Native resistance to conversion, the mission was abandoned by 1693, yet it seeded Spain's long campaign to colonize Texas.

Sonoma, CA · est. 1963

Founded in 1823 by Padre José Altimira, Mission San Francisco Solano was the northernmost of California's Franciscan missions and the only one established under newly independent Mexico. When Mexico secularized the missions, commandant Mariano Vallejo carried out the order here in 1834, and the site became the parish church of Sonoma. It served the pueblo until it was sold in 1881.

San Antonio, TX

Established in 1722, Mission San Francisco Xavier de Nájera was among the earliest Spanish missions in the San Antonio area, though it never thrived — its small band of Indian neophytes was folded into nearby Mission San Antonio de Valero (the Alamo) by 1726. Its lands were later granted to Mission Nuestra Señora de la Purísima Concepción, which was reestablished in this vicinity in 1731. The short-lived mission is a footnote in the great chain of Spanish outposts along the San Antonio River.

San Antonio, TX

Franciscan missionaries founded Mission San Juan Capistrano on the San Antonio River in 1731, moving a mission first established in East Texas in 1716 to ground easier to defend. Dedicated to converting the region's Coahuiltecan-speaking peoples, it endured Apache raids and epidemics before flourishing by the 1760s with surplus harvests and large herds. Secularized in 1794, its stone chapel and convent were restored in the 1960s, yielding artifacts of three centuries of occupancy.

Menard, TX

This site marks Spain's fraught 18th-century effort to plant a mission and presidio on the San Sabá River deep in Apache and Comanche country. As the inscription notes, the fortified presidio and the mission stood apart from one another—and after the mission was attacked and burned by Native raiders, its survivors withdrew into the fort for protection. The episode reflects the collapse of Spain's northernmost Texas frontier, where imperial ambitions ran up against the power of the southern Plains nations.

Weches, TX

In the summer of 1690, Franciscan friars planted this short-lived mission near the Neches River as part of Spain's first serious push into East Texas. It belonged to the same evangelizing effort aimed at the Tejas (Hasinai) peoples that gave the future state its name. The stone marker itself was raised in 1934 by early Texas preservationists who traced and located the vanished site.

Henderson, TX

Rural congregations often began under open-air 'brush arbors' before they could build, and this one is named for the springs where those first services were held. Founded in 1894 by members drawn from the nearby Ebenezer Baptist Church, the congregation called the Rev. William Hendrix as its first pastor in 1902 and raised a frame sanctuary here around 1905. Renamed Mission Springs Baptist Church about 1918, it has served generations of Rusk County families through its Sunday school, youth groups, and mission work.

Hondo, TX

When emancipation reached Texas in 1865, many newly freed people stayed on the land they knew, and along Hondo Creek they built something of their own. By 1869 they had organized a church and school, and from 1876 abolitionist landowner L.L. White sold small plots exclusively to Black families, giving rise to the settlement Austin Grant named Mission Valley. For generations the community gathered under the Emancipation Oak for Juneteenth pilgrimages until an Army airfield displaced them in 1942.

New Braunfels, TX

German settlers founded the Mission Valley community in the mid-1840s, naming it for an earlier Spanish mission, and at first taught their children at home. In 1870 two brothers donated land for the first community school, and in 1884 a sturdier limestone schoolhouse rose nearby. Long after the district was absorbed by New Braunfels in 1952, the site—with its frame and stone schoolhouses and stone cisterns—has served as a community center.

Grapevine, TX

In 1844 a cluster of related families from Platte County, Missouri, made their way to this part of North Texas, settling on land owned by early pioneer James Gibson. More kin and friends followed in 1845, and the group became known as the "Missouri Colony," raising cattle and grain and worshiping and schooling their children at nearby Lonesome Dove. Some pressed on to open other frontiers, while others stayed to build the first permanently settled corner of Tarrant County.

Park Hills, MO

Missouri's Old Lead Belt made the state one of the world's leading sources of lead, and the St. Joe Lead Company's mills processed ore that armed the nation and wired its growing cities. Federal Mill No. 3, with its towering headframe and cluster of mill buildings, survives as a rare intact monument to that industrial era. For generations, lead mining shaped the towns, jobs, and landscape of southeastern Missouri.

Chamberlain Township, SD

Completed in 1927 and commemorated as a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in 1993, the Missouri River bridges of South Dakota were an ambitious feat of early-20th-century engineering, spanning the wide, powerful river that had long divided the state's east and west. Recognized by the American Society of Civil Engineers, they represent the era when automobile roads and steel spans finally tamed one of the continent's mightiest waterways for everyday travel.

Denison, TX

Incorporated in 1865, the line that became the Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railroad—universally known as "The Katy"—was the first railroad to cross Indian Territory and enter Texas from the north. Following an old cattle trail, it steamed into the brand-new town of Denison on Christmas Day 1872, named for a Katy vice-president. Branch lines soon fanned out across the state, and by 1904 the Katy ran more than a thousand miles of Texas track, hauling cattle, cotton, and passengers on trains like the "Texas Special."

Belton, TX

When the Gulf, Colorado & Santa Fe Railroad bypassed Belton in 1881, townspeople refused to be left off the map and arranged for a spur into the city. The Katy Railroad arrived in 1882, bridging the Leon River and turning Belton into a shipping hub for Central Texas cotton growers. Around 1900 the line replaced its earlier wooden trestles with this riveted-steel Parker truss, a workmanlike specimen of early 20th-century bridge engineering still standing over the river.

Calvert, TX

Built in the 1870s by either Henry B. Mistrot or Bertrand Adoue—business partners linked through Adoue's brother Jacques—this two-story Calvert residence blends Greek Revival and Victorian styling, its French owners' heritage reflected in fleur-de-lis patterns worked into the woodwork. The prominent businessman Jacques Adoue bought the home in 1888, and it remained in his family until 1977. It was named a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1980.

Sherman, TX

Born in Kentucky and raised in Sherman, Mita Holsapple Hall graduated from Mary Nash College and, in 1921, organized the town's first Camp Fire Girls group. For the next 44 years she led that youth movement locally and nationally, earning honors along the way, and she co-authored a county history for the 1936 Texas Centennial.

Wrightsboro, TX

Mitchel Putnam fought in the Texas War for Independence and was wounded at the decisive Battle of San Jacinto in 1836, where Texian forces secured their break from Mexico. The State of Texas erected this marker in 1962 to honor his service in the brief, pivotal campaign that created the Republic of Texas. His story is one of the ordinary soldiers whose sacrifice underwrote Texas independence.

Granbury, TX

This bend of the Brazos and the surrounding country take their name from early settler Nelson Cooney Mitchell, whose feud with the Truett family ended in a murder conviction and his hanging in 1875. Mitchell lies in this cemetery among many other pioneer families, alongside the graveyard's earliest marked grave—a one-year-old child who died in 1872. Local tradition holds that some unmarked graves may predate the Civil War.

Statesville, NC

Founded in 1856 as a college for women and affiliated with the Presbyterian church until 1959, Mitchell College brought higher education to young women of Statesville well before it was common. It later evolved with the times, gaining state community college status in 1973. For more than a century it has served the education of the region.

Colorado City, TX

Mitchell County was carved out of West Texas territory in 1876 and organized in 1881 when the railroad arrived, turning Colorado City into a booming supply hub known as the region's 'Mother City.' Named for War for Independence veterans Asa and Eli Mitchell, the county blended cattle, sheep, and later oil into its economy. Its landmarks — a former Comanche village site and Seven Wells, remembered as a last buffalo watering hole — mark the transition from Indigenous and frontier land to a railroad-era ranching center.

Berkeley, CA

This small monument at the University of California, Berkeley remembers John Mitchell, who served as the campus armorer from 1895 to 1904, in the era when military instruction and drill were a fixture of American land-grant universities. The armorer kept and maintained the rifles used in student military training, a role rooted in the Morrill Act's requirement of military science. It is a modest reminder of how deeply martial preparation was woven into early campus life.

Victoria, TX

When Victoria voted to create an independent school district in 1898, its plan laid bare the era's racial order: eight schools, four for Anglo children and four for African American children. Prominent architect Jules Leffland designed the imposing three-story building completed on this site in 1902, later renamed to honor early trustee J.D. Mitchell. Fires in 1935 and 1943 cost the school its top floor, but the building endured and still serves as an educational center today.

Fort Worth, TX

Jeweler James E. Mitchell insisted on exacting craftsmanship when he built this home, completed in 1907 to the design of the noted Fort Worth firm Sanguinet and Staats. It passed in 1920 to his friend Dr. Charles B. Simmons and later to Simmons's daughter Maurine and her husband, Dr. Frank Schoonover, who lived there into 1979. The house reflects the polish of Fort Worth's professional class in a booming cattle-and-railroad city.

Jacksonville, TX

Settlers from Tennessee, Alabama, Georgia, and the Carolinas founded the Pine Springs community — later Mixon — in the 1850s, and in 1853 Josiah Thomas set aside land for churches and religious use. The cemetery's oldest marked grave dates to 1854, with many early burials marked by local red iron-ore rock, and tradition holds that members of local Indian tribes lie in unmarked graves. More than 125 veterans rest here, from the War of 1812 to the present, including twenty-two Confederate soldiers.

Keene, TX

Southwestern Adventist University began in 1883 as the Keene Industrial and Missionary Academy, training workers for the Seventh-day Adventist church while pairing classroom study with a practical trade. When Harry H. Hamilton became president in 1937, he oversaw construction of the Mizpah Gate to replace an old turnstile in the fence that had once kept out starving livestock. Built by students of brick and petrified wood from nearby Somervell County, it was dedicated that June as a gift of the graduating class.

Fort Wayne, IN

This memorial preserves the most famous lines of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s 1963 "I Have a Dream" speech, delivered at the March on Washington. By binding King's vision to the Declaration of Independence's promise that all are created equal, it links the civil rights movement to the nation's founding ideals. Its placement in Fort Wayne reflects how communities far from Washington claimed that dream as their own.

Lexington, TX

Moab was one of many "freedom colonies" African Americans founded across Lee County after emancipation—communities of Black landowners farming their own ground for the first time. Families raised cotton, corn, and livestock and followed seasonal "cotton picks" across Texas and New Mexico to supplement their income. By the 1930s the settlement had a school, two churches, a cemetery, and a post office; today Mt. Nebo A.M.E. Church remains as its anchor, and descendants return each year.

Reno, NV

Opened in 1905 and named for a famous Hawaiian spa, Moana Springs was a Reno resort built around a bathhouse and pool fed by natural hot springs, complete with a hotel, clubhouse, and picnic grounds. Reached by Berrum's Nevada interurban trolley line, it drew crowds for dances, rodeos, boxing matches, circuses, and even aviation exhibitions through the early decades of the century. The City of Reno bought the property in 1956 and cleared its remaining buildings for a new recreational complex.

Clark County, NV

Long a home to Puebloan farming peoples and noted by trapper Jedediah Smith in 1826, the Moapa Valley near the junction of the Muddy and Virgin Rivers drew Mormon settlers in 1865. Sent by Brigham Young to grow cotton and open a Colorado River route to the Pacific, they built the "cotton mission" of St. Thomas and raised orchards, vineyards, grain, and cotton. When an 1870 survey placed the valley in Nevada and saddled residents with back taxes, they abandoned years of labor and miles of canals. Others returned in 1880, and the valley remains among Nevada's most productive farmland.

Mobeetie, TX

Mobeetie claims to be the oldest town in the Texas Panhandle, beginning as a trading post in 1874 and relocating to sit nearer the protection of Fort Elliott the following year. First called Sweetwater and renamed in 1879, it grew into a rough, lively hub of hunters, cowboys, and gamblers, and in 1881 became the judicial seat of the 35th District — where Temple Houston, son of Sam Houston, served as district attorney and state senator. Bypassed by the Santa Fe Railroad in 1888 and battered by an 1898 tornado, the town faded into decline.

Mobeetie, TX

Said to be the first established cemetery in the Texas Panhandle, Mobeetie Cemetery was born of necessity beside a town that grew from an 1875 buffalo hunters' camp and army post. Tornadoes and time have erased many markers, but the oldest surviving stone dates to 1882. Among its graves lie outlaws, accused horse thieves, victims of an 1898 cyclone, and the famed Texas Ranger Captain G. W. Arrington.

Mobeetie, TX

Soon after Wheeler County was organized in 1879, settlers at Old Mobeetie formed a Union church, and on April 2, 1894, its thirteen Baptist members organized their own congregation. They met in public buildings until a sanctuary was raised in 1919. After the Panhandle & Santa Fe Railroad bypassed Old Mobeetie and the town declined, the church building was moved to New Mobeetie in 1942, carrying its ministry across two communities.

Mobeetie, TX

Mail service in Wheeler County began at Fort Elliott before a U.S. post office opened in 1879 in the town of Mobeetie—earlier called Sweetwater—with George A. Montgomery as first postmaster. When the town relocated a mile north to the Santa Fe rail line, a new post office rose here in 1928. Rural routes expanded to reach the region's growing farm families in the 1930s, then contracted as drought and hardship emptied the surrounding land.

Mobeetie, TX

Mobeetie grew from an 1874 buffalo hunters' camp and the 1875 founding of Fort Elliott, and Methodists were preaching there by 1881. A mission congregation formed by 1884 lost its sanctuary and most of the town to an 1898 tornado, later buying a shared Union Church. When the town relocated toward the railroad in the late 1920s, the congregation followed, worshipping in a basement before completing its present sanctuary in 1947.

Mobile, AL

This site holds much of Alabama's early aviation history, from John Fowler's flying-machine experiments and Mobile's first flying field to Bates Field, dedicated in 1929. In 1939 the War Department built a great military aviation depot here, named for aviator Wendell Brookley, that employed more than 16,000 people during World War II. After the war Brookley's giant Globemaster cargo planes flew in the Berlin Airlift, and in 2012 Airbus opened its first American aircraft plant on the site.

Jacksboro, TX

In November 1940, Battery F of the 2nd Battalion, 131st Field Artillery — a Texas National Guard unit — mobilized here for active duty. Shipped out from San Francisco in late 1941, the men were still at sea when Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, and they were sent to defend Java, where the unit was captured in March 1942. For three and a half years they endured captivity across Asia, forced into brutal labor, much of it on the Burma–Siam Railway, where most of the deaths occurred; the survivors came home only after Japan's surrender.

Modesto, CA

Modesto sprang up in 1870 as the Central Pacific Railroad pushed its line down California's San Joaquin Valley, one of a string of new farm-and-rail towns laid out along the tracks. It soon became the seat of Stanislaus County, anchoring the courthouse, records, and civic life of a region that grew rich on wheat and, later, irrigated orchards. The name itself nods to that railroad era, and the town's motto—'Water, Wealth, Contentment, Health'—still captures its agricultural ambitions.

Berkeley, CA

In 1959, Morris "Moe" Moskowitz and his wife Barbara opened a small paperback shop that grew, after moving to Telegraph Avenue, into one of the country's great used-book emporiums, stocked with hundreds of thousands of volumes. Moe pioneered a fair, transparent trade policy — cash or credit in his famous "Moe Dollars" — that treated secondhand books with respect. A cigar-smoking, unabashedly leftist iconoclast, Moe embodied the anti-authoritarian spirit of Berkeley's Telegraph Avenue.