Westward Expansion

Fondren, TX

In 1854 William B. Fondren and his wife Susannah settled beside Dry Creek along the military road linking Fort Worth and Fort Belknap, and a family graveyard soon took root nearby. General Edward H. Tarrant, namesake of Tarrant County, died at the Fondren home in 1858 and lay here for a time, while other early stones bear the stark epitaph "Killed by Indians, 1860." The pioneer burial ground served the frontier community until 1937.

Atkinson, NH

This granite monument marks the boundary line between New Hampshire and Massachusetts, its faces lettered for each state — "NH" toward Atkinson and "MA" toward the towns just south — and dated 1890, the year a joint survey re-ran and permanently monumented the old provincial line. The border here traces a dispute that reached back to colonial times, when overlapping royal grants left the exact division between the Bay Colony and New Hampshire uncertain until the Crown fixed it in 1741. By the late nineteenth century the original bounds had weathered or vanished, so the two states commissioned engineers to re-establish the line with numbered stone markers like this one. The word "FOOT" and paired initials record the surveyors' precise placement where the monument stands.

Schellsburg, PA · est. 1947

In 1758 General John Forbes cut a new military road across the Pennsylvania mountains to strike the French at Fort Duquesne, where Pittsburgh now stands. His army halted at the Shawnee Cabins camp near this spot, one link in the chain of fortified camps that made the slow, methodical advance possible. The campaign ended with the French abandoning and burning the fort, opening the Ohio country to British control.

Los Gatos, CA

These remains mark a four-story flour mill built in 1854 by James Alexander Forbes near Los Gatos, at the edge of the Santa Clara Valley. Forbes was a Scottish-born settler and one-time British vice-consul in Mexican California who invested in milling as American settlers poured in after the Gold Rush. Water-powered mills like his turned the valley's grain into flour for a fast-growing state.

Cumberland Valley Township, PA · est. 2008

On July 30, 1758, at the height of the French and Indian War, two colonels — Henry Bouquet and a young George Washington — argued strategy near this site. The question was how to reach and take French Fort Duquesne: Bouquet favored cutting a fresh road west from Bedford, while Washington pressed for Braddock's ill-fated 1755 route to the south. General Forbes chose Bouquet's path, and his army occupied the ruins of Fort Duquesne that November.

Grand Prairie, TX

Pinkney Harold Ford led a Kentucky family to Texas in 1855, settling in the Watson Community near present North Arlington. The oldest marked grave, that of Maria Trayler, dates to 1858, and Ford—a Civil War veteran—bought the property in 1879 to serve as a community burial ground. Industrial Grand Prairie has since grown up around this last trace of the pioneer settlement.

Bon Wier, TX

The Ford family arrived in the piney woods of Newton County before 1880 and, over a generation, planted the three institutions a frontier community needed most. A cemetery took shape on J.D. and Ida Ford's land, its earliest documented grave that of their three-year-old daughter in 1880; a one-room log school opened in 1893; and a frame Methodist chapel rose in 1910. Though regular worship ended in the 1930s and the school folded into Newton's district by 1930, descendants formed an association in 1961 to keep the sites tended.

Andice, TX

When Wiley Fore arrived from Alabama in 1883, he joined a fledgling settlement started two years earlier by his nephew Robert Baker. Fore quickly became a community builder, organizing a Cumberland Presbyterian church and a local Grange chapter, and in 1884 he donated an acre for a free community cemetery. The first burials were two children of the De Luna family that same year, and the graveyard has served the area ever since.

Sulphur Springs, TX

Settlement of this area began in 1847 when Thomas and Elizabeth Ticer brought their family west, and the ground was serving as a burial place before it was formally set aside in 1858—the year of its first known marked grave. Landowner Winship S. Petty enlarged the cemetery to six acres, donated it to the Forest Academy community, and supplied lumber for its first church and school. By 1910 the families had moved on, leaving the Methodist church and this graveyard as the last traces of the settlement.

McKinney, TX

This congregation grew from informal prayer meetings held in 1847 in the home of William and Mary Snider, when the surrounding land was still being settled under the Peters Colony grant. Remarkably, its early membership included veterans of the American Revolution alongside the colony's first pioneers. Though regular services ended in 1984, the church buildings—beside historic Fitzhugh Cemetery, with graves dating to 1852—still host community programs.

Fort Worth, TX

One of Tarrant County's oldest burial grounds, Forest Hill was used long before anyone kept records; landowner J. W. Chapman formally deeded it to a Cumberland Presbyterian congregation in 1883. Among those laid to rest here were Press and Jane Farmer, who lived on the site of Fort Worth even before the U.S. Army planted its fort there in 1849. Though largely full, the cemetery shows few headstones, as most early graves were unmarked or set with field stones long since vanished.

Forestburg, TX

Forestburg took shape just after the Civil War, founded in memory of the pioneers who had pushed into this contested North Texas frontier. Its brief inscription honors settlers who battled Native peoples, endured hardship, and broke the soil so that a lasting community could follow. It marks the raw edge of settlement where survival itself was the founding achievement.

Sanger, TX

William S. Forester drove his family from Tennessee to the Denton County frontier in the early 1850s and carved out a ranch on open range still contested with Native peoples, a danger that cost his teenage son Sol his life while herding cattle. His son Lock, a Confederate veteran, expanded the spread past 6,000 acres and made its "Two I Jinglebob" brand well known, before a third generation carried the ranch into the twentieth century. For over a century the Forester Ranch shaped the cattle country of North Texas.

Calvert, TX

Calvert became the seat of Robertson County in 1870 and began this imposing courthouse in 1875 — but a deadly 1873 yellow fever epidemic had already stripped the town of many leaders, and in 1879 the county seat moved to Franklin before the building was even finished. Merchant Robert A. Brown bought the unfinished structure in 1885 and, with his wife Lucy, converted it into a family residence. It passed through the Hammond family for decades before becoming a museum in 1966.

Montgomery, TX

Joseph L. Bennett came to Texas in 1834 and, when revolution broke out, raised a company of local volunteers and marched toward the Alamo in early 1836, turning back only on learning the fort had fallen. He joined Sam Houston's army and, as lieutenant colonel of the 2nd Regiment, fought at San Jacinto. Rewarded with land grants, he went on to command frontier defense, serve two terms in the Republic of Texas Congress, and carry the mail before dying in 1848.

Plainview, TX

Founded in 1912, the Texas Land & Development Company was an agricultural experiment on an enormous scale, drawing Eastern and European capital to develop 65,000 acres across Hale, Floyd, and Swisher counties. By pioneering irrigated and dryland farming methods on the High Plains, the company helped make the region one of the most productive in America before winding down in 1956. Its officers, farm superintendents, and even a staff historian left their mark on Panhandle agriculture.

Canadian, TX

Hogtown sprang up in 1886 as a tent city for the railroad gang laying the Southern Kansas line, earning its unflattering name from its rough, hogpen appearance. It was the forerunner of the town of Canadian, but when the landowner Sam Pollard and the railroad could not agree on a price for his land, the company simply moved the line across the river—and the people followed. The tent town was left behind, one of the West's many settlements that lived and died with the rails.

Dawson, TX

Liberty Hill grew up in the 1840s as an Anglo-American farming community, taking firmer root when Samuel and Prudence Wright arrived from Tennessee in 1849 and drew in pioneer neighbors. By 1860 several founding families had organized a Cumberland Presbyterian church, and Wright later donated land for a cemetery and a public school. When the railroad towns of Dawson and Hubbard rose as Cotton Belt shipping points, they drained away Liberty Hill's population until its school and church closed and the fields returned to grazing.

Waskom, TX

In 1850 a group of fourteen men organized Concord Masonic Lodge No. 77, meeting at first in a member's home. Three years later, the owner of the original Republic of Texas land grant donated nine acres to Methodist trustees, and a two-story building rose that served both church and lodge for decades, with a community cemetery growing beside it. The lodge closed in 1880 and the congregation later disbanded, but the burial ground endures under a cemetery association.

Loeb, TX

Founded in 1858 as Benton, this was the first town in Hardin County, planted at a strategic river crossing on the route from Beaumont to points north. It grew rapidly into a busy steamboat port of some 300 people, its fortunes riding on the traffic of the waterways. When the railroads arrived in the 1880s, they bypassed the old port and drew commerce elsewhere, and Concord dwindled away. Today only the townsite remains to mark where a thriving river landing once stood.

Fluvanna, TX

The town of Light sprang up in 1899 around a new post office on D. C. McGregor's land, growing further when a ranch schoolhouse was relocated there and a two-room school followed in 1905. Its fortunes reversed almost as quickly: when nearby Fluvanna was surveyed in 1907 at the terminus of the Roscoe, Snyder & Pacific Railroad, residents hauled their buildings a mile west to be on the rails. Light soon vanished, though the area still supplies water to its rival.

Hermleigh, TX

A small farming settlement grew here in the late 1880s and took the name Wheat after a bumper wheat crop the year its post office opened in 1890. Served by postmasters Minerva Thomas and G. W. McCall, it had a school that doubled as a church. When the Roscoe, Snyder & Pacific Railroad bypassed the community in 1907, residents relocated two stores and a cotton gin to the new railside townsite of Hermleigh, and Wheat faded away.

Whiteface, TX

Realtor William E. Flenniken put up this hotel in 1926 as the first brick building in Whiteface, raised to house prospective buyers when Cochran County opened for sale in small tracts. It stood at the center of the land rush that peopled this corner of the South Plains. In 1968 the J.S. Noel estate gave the building to Girlstown, U.S.A., for the use of its management.

Forney, TX

Long before Anglo settlers arrived, a Native American path known as the Kickapoo Trace crossed this land, and pioneer families like the Briscoes and Sheltmans settled here in the mid-1840s. When the Texas & Pacific Railroad pushed through in 1873, the nearby village of Brooklyn shifted to this spot and took the name Forney for a noted railroad official; by 1891 it boasted more than fifty businesses, an opera house, and a booming trade in cotton, Bois d'Arc products, and prized blackland hay. After decades of Depression-era decline, Forney was reborn as a growing suburb of Dallas.

Huntsville, TX

Chartered in 1844, Forrest Lodge No. 19 is one of just 25 Masonic lodges founded under the Republic of Texas and the eighth oldest in the state. Its early rolls included Sam Houston and historian Henderson Yoakum, and member William Martin Taylor earned the title "Father of the Texas Work" for a handbook that standardized Masonic ritual across the state. Through fires, rebuildings, and a century of civic life, the lodge shared its halls with churches, schools, and the Red Cross and funded scholarships and relief.

Hallsville, TX

About 1846, as Anglo families streamed into East Texas from the older South, Elisha T. and Sarah Vincent Forrest came from Tennessee and made their home on this ground. The Rogers and Dollahite families joined them to form the community of Little Flock south of Hallsville, and the cemetery on the Forrest home site took different family names over the years. Its earliest marked grave dates to 1849, and seven generations of the Forrest family now rest here.

Wellman, TX

On the flat, wind-swept farmland of Terry County, a woman's burial around 1922 in an open field on J. A. Forrester's farm began a small community cemetery. Deeded to the local school district in 1925, it received its first recorded burial the next year—an infant born and died on the same April day. The many unmarked and children's graves speak plainly to the harshness of early farm life on the South Plains, and the cemetery is now all that remains of the vanished community.

Hempfield Township, PA · est. 1946

A little to the south once stood a fortified post raised in 1774 by Pennsylvania German pioneers of the Brush Creek and Harrold's settlements. In an era of frontier violence, such a stockade offered ordinary farm families a place to shelter during Dunmore's War and the American Revolution. It was a small but vital node in the network of refuges that let settlement cling to this exposed edge of colonial Pennsylvania.

Anahuac, TX

In 1830 the Mexican government planted a military post at this bluff above the mouth of the Trinity River to collect customs and enforce the law of April 6, 1830, which choked off further Anglo-American immigration. Commanded by the abrasive Col. Juan Davis Bradburn, Fort Anahuac controlled access to East Texas, but Bradburn's conscription of labor and his 1832 jailing of William B. Travis and others enraged the colonists. The resulting armed clash—linked to the fighting at Velasco and the Turtle Bayou Resolutions—forced Bradburn out and Mexican troops from the post.

Saint Louis County, MO

Fort Bellefontaine, established near the mouth of the Missouri River in 1805, was the first United States military post west of the Mississippi and a staging ground for early expeditions into the frontier. This monument remembers the unknown soldiers who died in camp there between 1806 and 1826 — not in battle, but in the daily hardship of frontier garrison life.

Richmond, TX

Built in November 1821 by William Little, William Smithers, Charles Beard, Joseph Polly, and Henry Holster, Fort Bend marked one of the earliest Anglo-American settlements in what was then Mexican Texas, on a bend of the Brazos River. These men were among the vanguard of Stephen F. Austin's colony, the 'Old Three Hundred,' who planted American settlement in the region. When the county was created in 1837, it took its name from this pioneer fort.

Richmond, TX

Dedicated in 1909, this is the fifth courthouse to serve Fort Bend County, organized back in 1837 in the heart of Stephen F. Austin's original colony. Austin architect C. H. Page gave it a full Classical Revival treatment — a copper dome and statue, a three-story rotunda, mosaic floors, and green glazed tile — the kind of civic showpiece a prospering county built to announce its permanence. Later additions in 1935 and 1957 kept it at the center of county life.

Richmond, TX

Completed in 1897, this was the third jail in Fort Bend County, and it was built to make a statement. Its imposing Romanesque Revival mass — massive arches and terra cotta trim — was meant to project strength and justice to the area's "lawless elements." Inside were living quarters for the sheriff and, on the third floor, a gallows. It held prisoners until 1955.

Fort Benton, MT

This plaque recognizes Fort Benton as a National Historic Landmark under the Historic Sites Act of 1935, affirming its exceptional value to American history. Founded in the 1840s as a fur-trading post on the upper Missouri River, Fort Benton became the innermost port reachable by steamboat—the "head of navigation"—and a bustling gateway for freight, gold seekers, and settlers bound for the northern Rockies. From here the Mullan Road and trails fanned out into Montana and the Pacific Northwest.

Desdemona, TX

A few miles southwest stood Fort Blair, the largest of the far-western "family forts" that sheltered settlers through the Civil War years when regular troops were away. Started by C.C. Blair in 1857, its dozen log cabins were linked by pickets, and its families made their own candles, soap, food, and clothing from whatever the land offered while defending against Indian raids. After the war the site became the town of Desdemona, which boomed when oil was struck in 1918.

El Paso, TX

In 1849, troops under Maj. Jefferson Van Horne planted a post at El Paso to hold territory won in the U.S.-Mexico War, and after several moves the fort settled at Lanoria Mesa in 1893 on land donated by citizens. Renamed for Lt. Col. William W.S. Bliss in 1854, it became the headquarters for Gen. John J. Pershing's Punitive Expedition against Pancho Villa in 1916 and the nation's largest cavalry post by 1941. Vastly enlarged for World War II anti-aircraft training, it later hosted the German-led birth of the U.S. Army's missile program.

Centerville, TX

Around 1840, pioneer families settling this corner of Leon County lived uneasily beside Kichai and Kickapoo camps. After Christopher C. Staley was killed while hunting in early 1840, the settlers built Fort Boggy—two blockhouses and eleven dwellings—under a company authorized by Texas President Mirabeau B. Lamar and led by Captain Thomas Greer. Some seventy-seven people crowded inside, plagued more by illness than by raids, until the danger eased after Greer himself was killed in an 1841 attack.

Bronte vicinity, TX

The U.S. Army planted Fort Chadbourne on the West Texas frontier in October 1852 to shield settlers pressing into country still held by Comanche and other Plains peoples. It honored Lieutenant T. L. Chadbourne, killed at the Battle of Resaca de la Palma during the Mexican-American War. From 1858 to 1861 the post doubled as a key station on the Butterfield Overland Mail route, watering stagecoaches carrying passengers and mail toward California.

Boulder County, CO

This marker points to the site of Fort Chambers, a fortified post thrown up on George W. Chambers's farm in 1864 during a season of open conflict between Colorado settlers and the Plains tribes. That year saw the territory on a war footing, with local militia mustering across the Front Range. Small frontier forts like this one were hastily built strongpoints where farm families and volunteers gathered when raids and rumors of raids swept the plains.

Austin, TX

In the first anxious years of the Republic of Texas, the young nation strung frontier posts along its edge to guard settlers from raids. This site marks Fort Colorado — also known as Coleman's Fort — a short-lived station of the late 1830s garrisoned by early ranging companies on the Colorado River near present-day Austin. It stood only about two years before being abandoned as the line of settlement shifted.

San Angelo, TX

Established in 1867 by the 4th Cavalry at a junction of the Butterfield and Goodnight trails, Fort Concho anchored a line of forts guarding the Texas frontier from northeastern Texas to El Paso. Its sandstone barracks, hospital, and officers' quarters housed a remarkable roster of commanders, including Ranald Mackenzie, who led campaigns against Native resistance, and Benjamin Grierson, commander of the Black "buffalo soldiers" of the 10th Cavalry. The Army abandoned the post in 1889 and it passed into private hands.

Burnet, TX

This stone structure is one of the eight original buildings of Fort Croghan, the U.S. Army post that guarded the Hill Country frontier from 1849 to 1853. After the soldiers left, the building served frontier "Minute Men" and local settlers, extending its usefulness well beyond its military years. It is a tangible remnant of the fortified line that once marked the western edge of American settlement.

Fort Davis, TX

Fort Davis was established in 1854 to guard travelers on the San Antonio–El Paso Road and named for Jefferson Davis, then U.S. Secretary of War. Federal troops abandoned it at the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861 and reoccupied it in 1867, after which its soldiers—including Black regulars—helped bring stability to the far West Texas frontier until the post was deactivated in 1891. Its ruins and restored buildings remain among the best-preserved frontier military posts in the Southwest.

Eagle Pass, TX

Established in 1849 on the Rio Grande, Fort Duncan guarded the California emigrant trail and anchored campaigns against the Lipan Apache in the newly won Southwest. Its long life mirrored the era's conflicts: abandoned and regarrisoned amid border raids, briefly held as a Confederate "Rio Grande Station" during the Civil War, and later home to the Seminole-Negro Indian Scouts organized here in 1870. Reoccupied during the Mexican border troubles of 1916 and used as a World War I training camp, it finally became a city park in 1938.

Eagle Pass, TX

Fort Duncan was established in 1849 by Captain S. Burbank of the First U.S. Infantry to guard the Rio Grande frontier and the western lines of communication opened after the Mexican-American War. Federal troops garrisoned the post until the eve of the Civil War in 1861 and returned in 1868, and it later became known as Camp Eagle Pass. It stood as a linchpin of American military presence on the border for more than a century.

Wilkes-Barre, PA · est. 1947

Begun in April 1769, Fort Durkee was the first stronghold raised by Connecticut settlers in the Wyoming Valley, named for their leader. It became a flashpoint of the First Pennamite War of 1769–71, the armed contest between Connecticut Yankees and Pennsylvania authorities over who rightfully held the land. The fort stood just a thousand feet from its rival, Fort Wyoming, a measure of how close the two colonial claims pressed against each other.

Mobeetie, TX

When Fort Elliott was established in 1875 to secure the Texas Panhandle, teamster-merchant J. J. Long was hired to supply its flagpole. He cut two great cedar trees in the breaks near Antelope Hills, thirty miles away, hauled them by wagon, and fashioned this fifty-foot pole. After the fort closed in 1890 Long bought the pole for his store, and it later stood at the Mobeetie school for two decades before being raised again here in 1949.

Cotulla, TX

Established in 1852, this frontier post guarded both the border country and the vital San Antonio–Laredo Road where it crossed the Nueces River at the Huajuco Crossing. Though the army abandoned it in 1854, the site endured: when La Salle County organized in 1880, Fort Ewell was its chief settlement and home to the first courthouse. The writer O. Henry is said to have come here to collect his mail.

Franklin, PA · est. 1947

In 1787, with the Revolution won but the frontier still contested, U.S. troops under Captain Jonathan Heart raised Fort Franklin just west of here at the strategic waters of French Creek. It was the first American military post in the region, built to shield the fragile new settlements of northwestern Pennsylvania during the tense years of the Northwest Indian conflicts. The fort anchored American authority in a corner of the country France and Britain had once fought over.

Gatesville, TX

After the Mexican-American War, the U.S. Army strung a line of frontier outposts across Texas, and in 1849 it built Fort Gates, the last of that cordon, to shield settlers from raids along the advancing frontier. Named for Mexican-American War veteran Maj. Collinson Reed Gates, the seventeen-building post drew settling families to its protection and became the nucleus of the surrounding community. The garrison moved on in 1852, and in 1854 the settlement it had seeded gave rise to Coryell County, with Gatesville soon becoming the county seat.

Whitney, TX

Fort Graham rose in March 1849 on the site of a Waco Indian village, one of a chain of frontier military posts the U.S. Army planted across Texas as Anglo settlement pushed westward. Established by Brevet Major R. A. Arnold of the Second Dragoons, it honored Lt. Col. William M. Graham, killed at Molino del Rey during the recent war with Mexico. The post was abandoned in 1853 as the frontier line moved farther west, and its barracks were later reconstructed in part from the original stone as a community gathering place.

Whitney, TX

Settlement in this part of Hill County followed the 1849 founding of Fort Graham, a frontier military post abandoned in 1853. The cemetery that took the fort's name holds its first recorded burial in 1879 and, alone among the area's historic graveyards, escaped inundation when Lake Whitney was created in the early 1950s. More than 300 of the region's early settlers and their descendants rest here.

Belton vicinity, TX

In November 1836, just months after Texas won its independence, George B. Erath and twenty Texas Rangers threw up a picket fort on the Little River as a shield for settlers against Indian raids. Known variously as Fort Griffin, Fort Smith, and the Little River Fort, it had been abandoned as a military post by the time the Santa Fe Expedition camped nearby in 1841. Yet frontier families kept using the stockade as a refuge for years afterward.

Albany, TX

Near the U.S. Army's Fort Griffin, which guarded the Texas frontier from 1867 to 1881, a rough town of the same name drew gamblers, trail drivers, and buffalo hunters — and the lawlessness that came with them. Citizens built this thick-walled jail in 1878 to hold the town's rowdier visitors, sometimes as many as eighteen at once. After the town faded it was reduced to a cowshed before being moved here for preservation in 1954.

Albany, TX

In 1938 an Albany High School drama teacher wrote and staged a play dramatizing the settling of the Fort Griffin country, and community backing turned it into the Fort Griffin Fandangle—an all-volunteer outdoor pageant of period costume, livestock, music, and elaborate sets. It became an annual affair, paused only for World War II, and survived even the sudden death of its creator in 1968. Sustained across generations by thousands of Albany residents in every role, it endures as a true people's theatre retelling the area's pioneer story.

Elko County, NV

Established in July 1867 by Captain Samuel Smith, Fort Halleck stood guard over the California Emigrant Trail, the Overland mail route, and the advancing Central Pacific Railroad during conflicts with the Goshute and Western Shoshone. Named for Civil War general-in-chief Henry Wager Halleck, it grew into a 20-building post and headquarters for the Nevada Military District. Its troops ranged far afield—against the Modoc in 1873, the Nez Perce in 1877, the Bannock in 1878, and the Apache in 1885. As the frontier quieted, the Army closed the fort in December 1886.

Fort Hancock, TX

When the town of Fort Hancock was founded in 1883, a general store opened alongside it, its founder soon becoming the area's first postmaster. Sold to the Hare family in 1916 and passed to their daughter in 1960, the mercantile stayed in continuous operation, stocking both modern goods and old-time staples like horse collars and coffee mills. It stands as the oldest store in Hudspeth County, serving the Mexican border country for generations.

Marietta, OH

Fort Harmar was one of the first military posts the young United States built in the Northwest Territory, raised in 1785 at the mouth of the Muskingum River where it meets the Ohio. Garrisoned by federal troops until 1790 and serving as headquarters for General Josiah Harmar, it guarded the frontier and oversaw early relations — and negotiations — with the region's Native nations before the town of Marietta rose across the river. This monument, placed in 1892, marks the fort's site.

Palestine, TX

Around 1836, on the orders of Sam Houston himself, settlers raised a stockade fort on the public square of the frontier town of Houston, deep in what was then Houston County. The fort guarded pioneers on the edge of the young Republic of Texas until it was abandoned about 1841, and the town gave way to Palestine as the county seat a few years later. The old fort site was eventually absorbed into the home of Texas statesman John H. Reagan, who kept the name alive.

Palestine, TX

Raised in 1835–36 as a stockade and heavy-log blockhouse of the fledgling Republic of Texas, Fort Houston protected the settlers who founded the pioneer town of Houston. Friendly Indians came to trade at its walls even as wary families slept inside the twenty-five-foot-square blockhouse, and the men who gathered here formed one of the first Ranger units in Texas. The fort guarded a wide stretch of frontier until it was abandoned about 1841, its ground later folded into the home of statesman John H. Reagan.