Transportation

Churchill County, NV

Ragtown was never truly a town but a beloved oasis on the Carson River, its name drawn from the pioneer laundry draped across every bush by emigrants who had just survived the Forty-Mile Desert. For thirst-crazed travelers and their animals, the cottonwoods lining the river were the first water after the trail's most dreaded crossing. In 1854 Asa Kenyon set up a trading post nearby, and through the 1850s and 1860s Ragtown ranked among the most important stops on the Carson branch of the California Trail.

Del Rio, TX

The deep gorge where the Pecos meets the Rio Grande long defied transportation until the Southern Pacific bridged it in 1882 on its southern transcontinental line, reached by a circuitous route and two tunnels. In 1891–92 crews replaced it with a high-line viaduct on 24 towers — briefly the highest bridge in North America — where trains slowed to a crawl and even halted so passengers could take in the view. Wartime demand brought the current 1944 high bridge, built with critical materials released by special War Production Board permission.

Georgetown, TX

Built in 1904 by William Pearce, this thick-walled stone warehouse stored goods for a wholesale grocer within a bustling industrial complex strung along Georgetown's railroad lines. Spring water channeled through its basement kept produce cool in the Texas heat, alongside an ice plant, bottling works, mills, and a depot. The building survives as a witness to the town's rail-driven commercial heyday.

Altoona, PA · est. 2010

When American railroads moved in 1922 to roll back the wage and workplace gains that shop workers had won during World War I, more than 300,000 skilled tradesmen walked off the job in one of the largest strikes in the nation's history. The powerful Pennsylvania Railroad, whose sprawling shops in Altoona were among the largest in the world, led the industry's fierce resistance. Though the strike was broken, the bitter conflict pushed Congress toward the 1926 Railway Labor Act, which affirmed workers' right to organize.

Ennis, TX

The Houston & Texas Central pushed its tracks past here in 1871, and in 1872 the town of Ennis was platted along the line and named for railroad official Cornelius Ennis. Local boosters won a division point with roundhouse, machine shops, and headquarters—on the promise that Ennis could always supply their water—while magnate Hetty Green's Texas Midland and a Dallas-to-Corsicana interurban later threaded the town. The interurban ran until 1941 and the last Texas Midland lines closed by 1975, leaving Union Pacific on the original route.

Mineola, TX

Mineola owes its very existence to a railroad race: in the summer of 1873 the Houston and Great Northern and the Texas and Pacific drove crews day and night toward a single crossing point, arriving so close together that the two lines could see each other and still argue over who won. The junction town incorporated in 1877, gained a third railroad in 1881, and became a bustling shipping point for watermelons, sweet potatoes and cotton. When the T&P moved its terminal here in 1929, some 200 rail jobs helped carry Mineola through the Great Depression while neighboring towns struggled.

Rockdale, TX

Rockdale was born of the railroad, laid out along the International & Great Northern line in 1873-74 and quickly becoming a shipping point that gave area farmers access to distant markets. Two more lines followed, including the San Antonio & Aransas Pass and, in 1923, a short line built to haul local lignite coal, layering rail commerce onto the town's growth for nearly a century. Passenger service ended in 1970, but the rails remain woven into the community's identity.

Port Arthur, TX

By the early 20th century the marshy country where the Neches River meets the Gulf had become one of America's great petrochemical corridors, and the boomtowns of Jefferson and Orange counties needed a way across the water. After a seven-year campaign led by a local newspaper and an American Legion post, Depression-era public works money finally financed a state highway bridge, dedicated in 1938. Engineer G. G. Wickline threaded nearly a mile and a half of soft river bottom and raised the central span high enough to clear a Navy ship carrying a moored dirigible — briefly the highest roadbed over tidal water anywhere. A 1957 Lions Club contest gave it the name everyone now uses: the Rainbow Bridge.

Bridge City, TX

As the petrochemical industry boomed along the Neches River in the early 20th century, the little Dryden ferry could no longer carry the flood of workers and traffic. Funded by the county, the state, and the federal Public Works Administration, construction of a soaring span began in 1936 and took more than two years. At 176 feet high and over 7,700 feet long, it was the largest bridge Texas had ever built, dedicated in 1938 before a crowd of some 20,000—and christened 'Rainbow Bridge' by a public contest in 1957.

Rockdale, TX

As Americans took to the roads in the early twentieth century, roadside lodging evolved from simple campsites into clusters of tourist cottages. N.M. Bullock opened his Rainbow Tourist Camp near Rockdale in 1918 and, with his wife Lenora, added cottages through the 1920s; when U.S. Highway 79 came through town in 1936, business boomed. Many original mission-revival cottages still stand in their classic U-shaped court, and Lenora's irises still bloom on the grounds.

Halifax County, NC

Chartered in 1835 and completed in 1840, the Raleigh and Gaston Railroad was one of North Carolina's earliest rail lines, linking the state capital to the Roanoke River. Its northern terminus, the town of Gaston, thrived briefly before fading away entirely into a ghost town. The line helped pull a largely rural state into the railroad age.

Raleigh, NC

Chartered in 1835 and completed in 1840, the eighty-five-mile Raleigh and Gaston Railroad linked the state capital to the Roanoke River and the wider rail network beyond. It was among North Carolina's earliest railroads, built when the state was still overwhelmingly rural and road-bound. Its southern terminus lay just west of this spot.

Philadelphia, PA · est. 2007

Ralph Modjeski came to America as a Polish immigrant and became one of the most influential bridge engineers the country has known. Over a long career he designed or built more than forty bridges, among them the great Quebec Bridge spanning the St. Lawrence River. As chief engineer he led the design of Philadelphia's Benjamin Franklin Bridge, which opened in 1926 as one of the longest suspension spans of its day.

Nixon, TX

Rancho grew up around Paul Murray's country store, opened in 1849 at the crossing of roads to San Antonio, Gonzales, Seguin, Cuero, Goliad, and Indianola. Murray's fellow Mississippians followed him west for farmland but soon traded the plow for the saddle amid the free-ranging cattle of the open country, and the settlement took its Spanish name as a ranching culture took hold—some of Texas's earliest range branding codes were devised here in 1866. The town thrived with stores, a school, and two churches until 1906, when the railroad bypassed it for nearby Nixon and Rancho's buildings and people drifted away.

New York, NY

Robert Richard Randall was a wealthy New York merchant and shipmaster whose 1801 will endowed Sailors' Snug Harbor, a haven for "aged, decrepit, and worn-out" seamen at a time when a life at sea often ended in poverty. The institution his fortune created grew into one of America's first great charitable retirement homes, eventually settling on Staten Island where its stately buildings still stand. Decades after his death, the Harbor's trustees raised this monument over his remains to honor the founder whose generosity had sheltered thousands of sailors.

Kennard, TX

In 1838, during the days of the Republic of Texas, Cyrus Halbert Randolph founded this community along the San Felipe de Austin–Nacogdoches mail route, one of the vital overland links stitching together frontier East Texas. A public servant many times over, Randolph helped the settlement grow a school, a post office, and a cluster of stores and shops. When Randolph lost its 1860 bid to take the county seat from Crockett, the town slowly faded, its post office closing for good in 1881.

Ranger, TX

Ranked among Texas's oldest operating airfields, Ranger's aviation story began in 1911 when transcontinental flyer Robert G. Fowler landed his Wright biplane here during a bid for William Randolph Hearst's $50,000 cross-country prize. Boosters bought the 135-acre Cooper tract and dedicated an airport on Armistice Day 1928, later renaming it Ranger Municipal Airport in 1939 as a civilian pilot training program opened. Amelia Earhart set down her Pitcairn Autogiro here in 1931, glider races passed through in the 1930s, and Army Air Forces Cub pilots trained in its clear skies during World War II.

Rankin, TX

Rankin became the seat of Upton County in 1921, taking its name from F. E. Rankin, who donated the land for the railway station that anchored the town. More than a shipping point, the station was the hub of community life—host to Saturday-night cowboy dances and Sunday church services alike. The town later produced world-champion rodeo stars Toots Mansfield and Allen Holder.

Detroit, MI

In 1897 Ransom E. Olds founded a motor-vehicle company in Lansing and built just four cars that first year—a tiny start for a transformative industry. Within two years he moved to Detroit and opened the Olds Motor Works on West Jefferson Avenue, a step that helped make southeast Michigan the cradle of American automaking. His Oldsmobile line would become one of the country's pioneering mass-market automobiles.

Seattle, WA

Seattle's Ravenna-Cowen neighborhood took shape in the early twentieth century as the city grew northward, filling with the wood-frame and Craftsman homes that still line its streets. Its 'Circle Park' anchors the district, which was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2018 in recognition of its remarkably intact early-1900s residential character.

Anderson, IN

This marker stands at the resting place of Ray Harroun, the driver who won the very first Indianapolis 500 in 1911. Racing a single-seat Marmon at the new Indiana speedway, Harroun claimed victory in an era when the automobile was still transforming American life and motorsport was being invented before crowds' eyes. Anderson, in the industrial heart of Indiana, sits near the cradle of early American auto manufacturing.

Town of Highlands, NY

Raymond H. Torrey (1880–1928) was a naturalist, journalist, and one of the great trail-building enthusiasts of the early twentieth-century Northeast. His nature column carried the title "The Long Brown Path" — a phrase borrowed from Walt Whitman's "Song of the Open Road" — and he became a driving force behind the volunteer movement that mapped, cut, and linked footpaths across the New York–New Jersey highlands, including the Long Path and portions of what became the Appalachian Trail. This memorial stands in the Hudson Highlands country he loved and championed, placed by the hikers and outdoorsmen who considered him their teacher.

Crockett, TX

This broad prairie was a favored nineteenth-century route to and from the Trinity River before Robert Newton Read and his wife Susan moved here from Arkansas by 1850, giving the landscape its name. The Reads farmed the opening, bought land, ran commercial ventures in Crockett, and donated ground for an African American Presbyterian church east of town. Though the family moved on to Mineola in 1876, Read's Opening remains woven into Houston County's history.

Reading, PA · est. 1993

The economic depression of the 1870s brought wage cuts and rising anger across America's railroads, and in July 1877 that anger erupted into the nation's first great national strike. In Reading, workers whose pay had been slashed blocked the tracks, and on July 23 militia fired into the unarmed crowd, killing ten people before federal troops moved in to reopen the line. The bloodshed here was one episode in a wave of upheaval that swept the country's rail network that summer.

Philadelphia, PA · est. 2003

Opened in 1893, the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad's Terminal Station carried passengers into the heart of the city until 1984. Its vast train shed, designed by engineer Joseph H. Wilson, was a marvel of its age, built when competing railroads raced to erect terminals that were as beautiful as they were useful. Beneath the shed, the Reading Terminal Market — descended from Philadelphia's colonial-era outdoor markets — opened in 1892 and still bustles today.

Leakey, TX

In the rugged canyon country of the Edwards Plateau, the settlement of Leakey straddled a county line, forcing residents to trek over mountains and rivers to conduct official business after the county seat moved to Rocksprings in 1891. After a rejected 1895 petition, the legislature finally created a new county in 1913—named, by amendment, for rancher and senator Julius Real. Farming and ranching sustained a rural way of life until highways arrived in the 1930s and, later, tourism and hunting reshaped the local economy.

Burkburnett, TX

When the Burkburnett oil boom sent drillers into the bed of the meandering Red River around 1920, it reignited an old question: exactly where did Texas end and Oklahoma begin? The U.S. Supreme Court placed the disputed land under federal control, naming Frederick A. Delano — uncle of future president Franklin Delano Roosevelt — as receiver. To reach the derricks he ordered a one-lane wooden bridge built to midstream; the boundary was fixed at the river's south bank in 1923, and a 1935 flood later wrecked the span.

Galveston, TX

After the Civil War, Galveston County rebounded faster than almost anywhere in the South, and Galveston became Texas's largest city and its leading seaport and rail hub. It saw the state's first electric lights and first telephone, welcomed the Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe Railroad, and deepened its channel to handle oceangoing ships. Yet the era ended in catastrophe—yellow fever, an 1885 fire, and the 1900 hurricane that killed some 6,000 people—after which the city built a seawall and raised its grade, and pioneered the commission form of government.

La Vernia, TX

This cemetery grew from the friendship of two early La Vernia settlers: William Wiseman, who ran the town's first cotton gin, and William Claiborne Rector, a veteran of the Battle of San Jacinto who farmed, carried the mail, and supplied horses for the stage line. Together they organized the Cibolo Presbyterian Church in 1852, and after Rector's death Wiseman built a new chapel on his farm named in his friend's honor, setting aside four acres in 1877 for worship and burial. Though the chapel itself was moved to town in 1891, the weathered gravestones still mark the community's founding generation.

Vincennes, IN · est. 1966

The Red Banks Trace was an early Indian and pioneer trail running from Anthony's Ferry on the Ohio River — at present-day Henderson, Kentucky — north to Vincennes. There it tied into the road toward Nashville and the Natchez Trace, and fed the trails leading north and west across Illinois.

Concord, NC

Red Hill was the home and tavern of John and Martin Pheifer, a hospitable stop in the Cabarrus County backcountry where travelers of note broke their journeys. Its guests reportedly included royal Governor William Tryon and, later, President George Washington during his 1791 Southern Tour. Taverns like Red Hill were the inns, courtrooms, and news exchanges of their day.

Pampa, TX

In the summer of 1852, U.S. Army Captain Randolph B. Marcy and Lieutenant George B. McClellan led an expedition into the still little-mapped Texas Panhandle to trace the elusive headwaters of the Red River. Their survey identified two forks reaching the 100th Meridian, a distinction that mattered enormously because earlier treaties had used the river as a boundary without specifying which channel was meant. Decades later, in 1896, the courts settled on the South Branch as the true main stream, fixing the line between Texas and Oklahoma.

Bowie, TX

For two roaring decades after the Civil War, Red River Station was the last Texas outpost on the Chisholm Trail—the final place to lay in supplies before a 350-mile drive north to the Kansas railheads. A natural bend slowed the river enough to make a crossing that buffalo and Indians had used for generations, and here millions of longhorns churned across water so crowded that cowboys reportedly walked over on the cattle's backs. A town, ferry, and frontier-regiment outpost grew up around the ford before the trail era faded.

Redwater, TX

After the nearby settlement of Mooresville faded, this town grew up around the Daniels and Spence sawmill in 1875 and was first named Ingersoll for a famous agnostic of the day, reflecting the mill workers' irreverence. The arrival of a Cotton Belt railway branch and more sawmills drew churchgoing families who objected to the name, and an 1894 vote made it Redwater, after the reddish local water. Farming and lumber sustained the town, and it rebuilt quickly after a 1914 tornado; wartime ordnance plants in 1941 and a later paper mill kept its timber economy alive.

Portland, TX

For early settlers of San Patricio County, crossing Corpus Christi Bay to the region's main trading center meant taking the Reef Road — a natural causeway of oyster-shell reefs lying just below the surface, said by local tradition to have been discovered by Indians. Passable only at low tide, it was the shortest and most favored route across the water. The building of the railroad in 1887 and the first causeway in 1915 ended its usefulness, but it remains woven into the county's history.

Pecos, TX

The flat, arid Toyah Valley around Pecos drew farmers to its river and springs long before the town existed—Native people are believed to have irrigated crops here in the 16th century, and Mexican farmers later raised grain and vegetables. Cattlemen arrived in the 1870s, and the Texas & Pacific Railway's 1882 line to El Paso brought merchants and mechanics to Pecos City and Toyah. Large-scale irrigated agriculture began around 1900, aided by deep wells and the 1935 dam, the only one on the Pecos River in Texas.

Goldthwaite, TX

Slung across the Colorado River near the now-vanished town of Regency, this crossing was born of hard rural necessity: the first area bridge went up in 1903 to link ranchers and farmers across the Mills–San Saba county line. Two spans were lost—one collapsing fatally into the river in 1924, another swept away by a 1936 flood—before the current suspension bridge was raised in 1939, built almost entirely by hand. In the 1940s it became a gathering place where young people came to picnic, dance, and sing, and though paved highways later bypassed it, it endures as one of the last suspension bridges in Texas.

Richland Springs, TX

After repeated floods destroyed earlier crossings of the Colorado River here, San Saba and Mills Counties joined forces to build this bridge, named for the Mills County town of Regency, with the Austin Bridge Company of Dallas finishing it in October 1939. Its road deck hangs from two steel cables more than three inches thick, each spun from 475 galvanized wire strands. Restored by the Texas Department of Transportation in 1999, it is one of the last suspension bridges in Texas still open to vehicle traffic.

London, TX

For more than a century, travelers on the road from Mason to Junction threaded through this Hill Country pass. It carries the name of Adolph A. Reichenau, a German emigrant who settled nearby in the Big Saline Valley in 1860 as one of the area's early landholders — only to move on in 1866 amid the dangers of frontier raids. The pass was recorded as a Texas Historic Landmark in 1966.

Dallas, TX

This school's story began in the 1880s with a frame schoolhouse on John Chenault's farm. When the Santa Fe Railroad ran a line through and built a depot around 1885, a town grew up and took the name Reinhardt after a Dallas merchant, complete with stores, a gin, and a bank. The school moved and rebuilt across the decades — a brick building in 1921, a larger campus at this site in 1941 — and was folded into the Dallas system when the town was annexed in 1945.

Mercedes, TX

Once part of a Spanish land grant, Relampago — 'lightning' — Ranch sat along the stage and military road linking Rio Grande City and Brownsville. Thaddeus Rhodes arrived in 1852 as Hidalgo county clerk, later serving as commissioner and judge, and Jose Maria Mora bought adjoining land around 1856; together they helped bring stability to the region. Mora's family farmed, ranched, and ran the area's only general store, and their descendants still live on the land.

Longview, TX

Frank Taylor Rembert came to Texas from Mississippi in 1872, working for the railroad before marrying Kate Womack and settling in Longview. He became a leading merchant and investor—running a mercantile firm, a cotton oil mill, and a bank—and served as mayor from 1896 to 1898. Around 1895, inspired by the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition, he remodeled the couple's 1870s cottage with Classical Revival columns, and around 1912 added a garage for one of Longview's first automobiles.

Mountain Home, TX

This modest cabin of eight-inch elm logs was raised in the 1850s in the Texas Hill Country, when the road west from San Antonio was a hard and dangerous journey. By the 1870s it offered food and lodging to stagecoach travelers, and it is remembered as a spot where riders could swap tired horses for fresh mounts, earning it the name Remount Station and Stage Stop. Later moved to the Y.O. Ranch and restored, it survives as a token of the overland travel era.

Boone County, KY · est. 2008

Raised around 1830 for Elijah Kirtley, this sturdy brick I-House stood at the heart of early Boone County life, doing duty as the Boone House Tavern for four decades before becoming a private home. Its later residents included Fountain Riddell — attorney, state legislator, and founder of the Boone County Deposit Bank — and his son-in-law Albert Boyers Renaker, the bank's cashier. Purchased by the county in 1967 and restored in 1992, it survives as a rare window into antebellum Kentucky building and hospitality.

Burleson, TX

When Henry C. Renfro gave land for the M.K.T. Railroad line, he won the right to name the new town for his friend Dr. Rufus Burleson, a pioneer Baptist preacher and longtime president of Baylor University. Renfro's widow and daughter built this house in 1894 as the first home in the town's Clark addition. It stands as a reminder that a single landowner's deal with a railroad could conjure a whole community into being.

Reno, NV

Long before Europeans arrived, the Washoe and Paiute lived in the Truckee Meadows; the Stevens-Murphy party passed through in 1844 and settlement began in the early 1850s. Charles Fuller launched a river ferry in 1859 and built a bridge and hotel, holdings soon acquired by Myron Lake, whose "Lake's Crossing" became the town's nucleus when the Central Pacific laid out a depot in 1868. Named for Civil War General Jesse Lee Reno, the town grew on railroads, lumber, and ranching — and later on its reputations for quick divorces, beginning in 1906, and legalized gambling in 1931.

Reno, NV

The Reno Arch first spanned Virginia Street in 1926, built to celebrate the completion of the Lincoln and Victory Highways that funneled early automobile travelers through northern Nevada. Its famous slogan—"The Biggest Little City in the World"—was chosen in a 1929 contest, and the glowing arch quickly became the emblem of a town whose fortunes rode on liberal divorce laws, legalized gambling, and the tourists who came for both. Successive arches have risen over the same spot, but the boast has never changed.

Gilmer, TX

When the Marshall & East Texas Railroad reached this Upshur County pine country in 1901, a sleepy sawmill site named for operator W. M. Rhone erupted into a boomtown. Within a few years Rhonesboro counted fifteen sawmills, ten stores, churches, a school, a bank, and a cotton gin, its fortunes riding entirely on East Texas timber. When the surrounding pine forest was exhausted around 1917, the mills moved on and the railroad was pulled up, leaving the town to fade.

Rice, TX

Settlers displaced by an 1866 flood at nearby Porter's Bluff gathered here, and when the Houston and Texas Central Railroad bypassed the old town and ran through this site, a Houston businessman donated five hundred acres for a station and townsite that took his name. Cotton drove the local economy, with one of the town's first businesses a gin and its depot a busy shipping point, while troop trains and a Liberty Bell tour later rolled through on the rails that had made the place.

Tyler, TX

Richard Bennett Hubbard, a Georgia-born lawyer, settled in Tyler in 1853 and became a leading voice of the Texas Democratic Party. He raised a battalion at the Civil War's outbreak—it became the 22nd Texas Infantry, which fought at the 1864 Battle of Mansfield—then turned to railroad building when Reconstruction hemmed in his law practice. Elected lieutenant governor in 1873, he became governor in 1876 and later served as U.S. minister to Japan.

Kountze, TX

Richard E. Jackson grew up in a family mercantile business and made his career on the East Texas railroads, carrying freight to the sawmills and oilfields that were transforming the region in the early twentieth century. Alarmed that logging and oil exploration threatened the wild Big Thicket he loved, he leased more than 18,000 acres and, beginning in 1929, organized the associations and field studies that rallied support for preserving it. Though the Depression and World War II undid his first efforts, his vision led decades later to the creation of a national preserve.

Rockport, TX

Born in 1846, Richard Henry Wood was among Rockport's earliest settlers, and in 1866 he and partner James Doughty built the harbor's first cattle pens, warehouse, and wharf, infrastructure that made the town a shipping point for Texas cattle. He served as alderman and later mayor, helped initiate the Texas Game and Fish Commission in 1907, and lived in an 1868 Greek Revival home until his death in 1923. The great 1919 hurricane destroyed much of what he had built.

Richardson, TX

Richardson grew out of Breckenridge, a community founded in the 1840s by settlers from Kentucky, Tennessee, and other southern states. When the Houston and Texas Central Railroad bypassed Breckenridge in 1873, its citizens simply moved north to the tracks and renamed the town for railroad contractor E. H. Richardson. Facing the rail line, it thrived as a grain and cotton shipping point, incorporated in 1925, and after World War II traded farming for electronics and manufacturing, exploding past 75,000 people by 1990.

Richland, TX

Richland rose in the 1870s after the Houston & Texas Central Railroad bypassed older villages, drawing settlers like the Patrick family who relocated a store to the new rail town. The community's first burials began in 1895 on an acre donated from the estate of railroad investor William Marsh Rice, and neighbors long tended the grounds through an annual 'All-Day Working.' The cemetery holds veterans of the Civil War, World War I, and World War II alongside Navarro County's founding families.

Llano, TX

Mississippi-born R.A. McInnis came to Llano as a young man in the 1870s and made himself a fixture of the growing Hill Country town. He ran the Llano Furniture Company on the square, served as county sheriff in the early 1880s, married Martha Caroline Bozarth in 1882, and later won election as one of the town's first aldermen. As president of the Llano Railroad Commission he pushed to connect the town to rail markets; the 1882 house he owned stayed in his family for 110 years.

Bogata, TX

When the Ringo family arrived from Missouri in 1840 with nine children, they set up a ferry across the Sulphur River that quickly became a lifeline for travel, trade, and news between the Red River country and central Texas. Their son expanded the family's holdings on both banks, and the crossing carried travelers until a bridge replaced it in 1900. Long after the ferry was gone, locals still called the spot Ringo's Crossing, and a small family cemetery marked the family's roots nearby.

Rio Vista, TX

Rio Vista rose on the railroad in 1885 in one of Johnson County's earliest-settled areas, taking its Spanish name — "river view" — from its outlook over the Nolan River and Mustang Creek. Within a decade it boasted stores, a lumber yard, gins, a school, and three passenger trains a day, until a devastating 1914 fire leveled 24 buildings and slowed its growth. Cotton and later dairy farming carried the town, and a 1950s state highway brought a fresh boost.

Stamford, CT

The Rippowam River — its name borrowed from the Native people who first settled this stretch of the Connecticut shore — gave Stamford the falling water that turned its wheels for two centuries. From the era of the Revolution onward, grist, saw, and later manufacturing mills lined its banks, harnessing the current to grind grain and drive the machinery that grew a colonial settlement into a busy industrial city. This marker, spanning 1776 to 1976, was raised for the nation's Bicentennial to honor those two hundred years of water-powered work.

Alpine, TX

Built in 1886 of frame and adobe, the Ritchey Hotel rose beside the cattle-loading pens of the Southern Pacific Railway in the vast, remote Big Bend country. Here cowhands and ranchers who had driven stock in from scattered ranches could find a bed, a drink, and company while waiting to ship their cattle east by rail. It captures the moment when the railroad transformed West Texas ranching from an isolated frontier trade into part of a national market.

San Francisco, CA · est. 1930

This site once displayed the Gjoa, the small 69-foot herring boat in which Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen became the first to navigate the Northwest Passage between 1903 and 1906. San Francisco's Norwegian community bought the ship and gave it to the city in 1909, and it rested here in Golden Gate Park until returning to Oslo in 1972.