Military & Wartime

Shiner, TX

Born in Hanover, Germany, in 1835, Charles Welhausen immigrated through the Port of Galveston in 1843 and grew up in the German communities of Cat Spring and High Hill. He enlisted in the Confederate army, was cited for gallantry at the 1864 Battle of Calcasieu Pass, and rose to captain, later serving Fayette County as commissioner, justice of the peace, and legislator. After moving to Shiner in 1890 he founded a bank and, in 1911, donated this site to the city for a park.

Jersey City, NJ

This memorial park honors Captain Clinton E. Fisk, a Jersey City native born in 1882 who served with Company D, 107th Regiment of the U.S. Army's 27th Division and was killed in action at St. Souplet, France, on October 18, 1918. The 27th Division fought in the final Allied offensives of World War I, including the breaking of the Hindenburg Line, in the war's last weeks. Dedicating a neighborhood park in his name turned a shared public space into a permanent local tribute.

Erie, PA · est. 2003

A merchant mariner turned naval officer, Daniel Dobbins carried the alarming news of the fall of Forts Mackinac and Detroit to Washington in the opening months of the War of 1812. Commissioned a sailing master, he returned to Erie to oversee the building of the very squadron that Oliver Hazard Perry would command to victory in the Battle of Lake Erie. Dobbins spent three decades in the Navy and Revenue Cutter Service.

Houston County, TX

Elisha Clapp came to Texas in 1822, among the earliest Anglo-American settlers, and fought in the Battle of San Jacinto that won Texas its independence in 1836. He went on to serve as a captain in the Texas Army during the young republic's fragile early years. He died in 1856; his wife, Rebecca Robbins Clapp, outlived him until 1875.

Corpus Christi, TX

Soldier, colonist, and explorer, Captain Enrique Villarreal once held title to most of what is now Nueces County through the vast Rincon del Oso land grant, awarded by Mexico in 1831 though he had ranched it since 1810. Raiding forced him off the land until peace came in 1824, and as a Mexican officer he fought through the Mexican War for Independence, the Texas Revolution, and the U.S.-Mexican War. When Henry Lawrence Kinney founded his trading post on Villarreal's grant, he set in motion the sales that would make him the land's eventual owner—and give rise to the city of Corpus Christi.

Mobeetie, TX

George Washington Arrington (1844–1923) was one of the daring scouts in Colonel John S. Mosby's Confederate guerrilla command during the Civil War before drifting through Mexico and Central America and settling in Texas in 1867. He earned an outstanding record as a Texas Ranger from 1875 to 1882, then served as sheriff of Wheeler and fourteen attached counties, bringing law to the raw early settlements of the Panhandle. His life traces the arc from wartime irregular to the archetypal frontier peace officer.

Junction, TX

Gully Cowsert served as a Marine Corps corporal in World War I before finding his lasting calling as a Texas Ranger, a badge he earned in 1942 and wore for fourteen years. He rose to command Company E and West Texas District, building a reputation for cracking cattle- and sheep-theft cases across the rangelands. His career bridged the mud of a world war and the enduring frontier tradition of the Ranger lawman.

Dublin, GA

In the decades after the Civil War, veterans across the South became pillars of their communities, and Captain Hardy B. Smith of Laurens County was one of them. Wounded at Mechanicsville and losing his right arm, he served two more years before returning to Dublin to farm, hold public office, and help launch the Macon and Dublin Railroad. He completed this Carpenter Gothic home in 1873 — now the oldest house in Dublin still on its original site — and raised ten children here.

Nacogdoches, TX

A Tennessee native, Captain Hayden Arnold led the Nacogdoches company at the Battle of San Jacinto in 1836, the decisive engagement of the Texas Revolution. He died in 1839, only a few years after the fighting that won Texas its independence. The State of Texas raised his marker in 1936.

Roby, TX

Born in Tennessee in 1815, Henry C. Lyon soldiered across the great dividing lines of nineteenth-century Texas: first in the army of the Republic of Texas, then as a company commander for the Confederacy in the Civil War. The state erected his memorial in 1936, though a later stone set the record straight that his body actually lies at Woods Chapel, not the Roby cemetery. His life spans the arc from frontier republic to Confederate war.

Marlin, TX

Henry Gray Carter left Vermont for Texas as a teenager, and when war came in 1861 he enlisted in Tom Green's Texas Cavalry Brigade, winning a captain's commission for gallantry. He fought Nathaniel Banks' Union forces at Fort Butler, Mansfield, Bisland, and Pleasant Hill — the Red River Campaign battles — and was wounded at the last. Settling in Marlin in 1871, he became a leading banker and rancher, and the house he built that year, with its ax-hewn log foundation and square nails, still stands.

Presidio, TX

A Kentucky-born frontiersman, Henry Skillman scouted in the Mexican War and in 1851 opened the first mail service between San Antonio and El Paso, later driving stages across dangerous West Texas country. When the Civil War came he served the Confederacy as a scout and courier through the far Trans-Pecos, spreading false rumors and evading the Union forces who occupied the region. Hunted by troops ordered to take him alive, he was killed resisting capture near here in 1864.

Quitman, TX

Henry Stout arrived in Texas from Tennessee in 1818 and lived through nearly every chapter of its early history. He served in the Republic of Texas Army in 1836, captained a Texas Ranger company from 1839 to 1845, and later helped organize Wood County, becoming its first sheriff and a state legislator before serving as a Confederate officer. He is buried in a family cemetery beside this site.

Quinlan, TX

Henry W. Wade (1832–1912) came to Hunt County as a young Kentuckian, married into the Kuykendall family in 1859, and settled the 640-acre tract that includes this burial ground. He served as a captain in the 6th Texas Cavalry of Ross' Brigade during the Civil War and afterward helped write Texas's 1875 constitution before making his living in the livestock trade.

Livingston, TX

Born in Georgia in 1839 and raised on a family with Texas plantation holdings, Isaac Newton "Ike" Turner mustered eighty Polk County volunteers at the Livingston courthouse in September 1861 and was elected their captain. He led them east as Company K of the 5th Texas Infantry in Hood's famed Texas Brigade, fighting through some sixteen battles—the youngest company commander in the brigade—before a mortal wound near Suffolk, Virginia, ended his life at twenty-four. First buried in Georgia, his remains were brought home to Texas in 1994 to rest among his family.

Kaufman, TX

Israel Spikes was an early settler of Kaufman County, where Spikes Prairie still carries his family's name. A Confederate veteran and Mason, he was chosen in 1875 to represent his district at the convention that drafted a new state constitution, riding horseback to Austin alongside John H. Reagan, the former Confederate Postmaster General and later U.S. senator. The 1876 Texas Constitution they helped write remained the state's governing document for generations.

Walnut Springs, TX

J.J. Cureton settled on the Palo Pinto frontier in 1854 and became a noted Indian fighter, leading neighbors in defense of their homes against raids. In 1860 he took part in the recovery of Cynthia Ann Parker, seized by Comanches twenty-four years earlier, and during the Civil War served as a captain in frontier troops guarding northwest Texas against both Indian attack and northern incursion. He later served as sheriff of Bosque County, and the C.S.A. outpost Camp Cureton bore his name.

Woodford County, KY

In the small hours of June 4, 1781, Jack Jouett spurred his horse some forty miles through the Virginia backcountry to reach Charlottesville ahead of Banastre Tarleton's British dragoons, giving Governor Thomas Jefferson and the fleeing legislature the minutes they needed to escape capture. Often called "the Paul Revere of the South," Jouett later crossed the mountains to build a life in Kentucky. This was also home to his son, Matthew Harris Jouett, who became one of the young republic's most admired portrait painters.

Bastrop, TX

Captain James Burleson served as a commissary under General Andrew Jackson in the War of 1812 and fought at the Battle of New Orleans in January 1815, with his son Edward alongside him as bookkeeper. Decades later, the aging veteran took up arms again under that same son in the Army of Texas at the Grass Fight of 1835. Born in 1758, he died in early 1836 as Texas fought for its independence.

Victoria, TX

This state marker commemorates Captain James P. January, a veteran of the Texas War for Independence who served as an assistant surgeon and surgeon for the Republic of Texas. Erected by the State of Texas in 1962, it recognizes the medical service that kept the young republic's soldiers alive. Physicians like January were scarce and vital on the Texas frontier of the 1830s and 1840s.

El Paso, TX

Kentucky-born trader James Magoffin and New York-born miller Simeon Hart both built fortunes in the El Paso borderlands—Magoffin from a trading post at Magoffinsville and his deep contacts in Mexico, Hart from a mill grinding a hundred barrels of flour a day. When the Civil War came, both threw their commercial networks behind the Confederacy, funneling supplies to the 1861–62 Arizona–New Mexico campaign and trading Southern cotton for war goods through Mexico and Europe. Hart's arrangements even helped thwart a planned Union thrust across the Rio Grande in 1863.

Marble Falls, TX

Kentucky-born Jesse Burnam fought as a Tennessee volunteer in the War of 1812, including the Battle of New Orleans, before bringing his family to Texas in 1821 and joining Stephen F. Austin's "Old Three Hundred." On the Colorado River frontier he built a home, fortified trading post, and ferry, served as a militia captain and delegate to the conventions leading to the Texas Revolution, and saw Sam Houston order his crossing burned in 1836 ahead of the Mexican army. In 1855 he resettled in Burnet County, raising sheep and wheat on land where the family homestead still stands.

West Chillisquaque Township, PA · est. 1928

John Brady settled this stretch of the Susquehanna frontier in 1769, working as a surveyor before the constant danger of raids drove him to the fortified Muncy Manor that took his name. A veteran soldier, he fought in the French and Indian War, led a company in Pontiac's War, and raised a company for the Continental Line in the Revolution, taking a serious wound at the Battle of Germantown. Home on sick leave in April 1779, he was killed in an ambush near Fort Brady, one of countless casualties of the unrelenting frontier war.

Smithville, TX

John Campbell Hunt was born in Alabama in 1811 and came to Texas in time to fight at San Jacinto, the 1836 battle that won Texas its independence. He rose to captain in the Army of the young Republic of Texas before his death in 1840, at just 28. His grave marks one of the ordinary soldiers whose service turned a rebellion into a nation.

Holliday, TX

John Holliday came to Texas around 1835 and survived the Goliad Massacre of March 1836, one of only two dozen to escape that infamous killing of Texian prisoners. Joining the ill-fated Texian–Santa Fe Expedition in 1841, he carved his name on a tree near this spot before the party was captured and marched to a Mexican prison. Freed in 1842, he died of yellow fever at sea within sight of Galveston, and the carved tree gave its name to nearby Holliday Creek and the town.

Martinsburg, WV

This memorial honors Captain John Kearney, who took up arms in the American Revolution during the long war that won the colonies their independence from Britain between 1775 and 1783. Born in 1745, he belonged to the generation that came of age fighting for the new nation, and he lived on into the early republic before his death in 1805. Markers like this one in the Shenandoah Valley town of Martinsburg remember the ordinary officers whose service, alongside their families, sustained the Continental cause far from the famous battlefields.

Fairfield, TX

Alabama-born L. D. Bradley came to Texas in 1855 and commanded a company in Waul's Texas Legion during the Civil War. On May 22, 1863, in the Siege of Vicksburg, he led a daring volunteer party of some forty men to seal a Federal breach in a Confederate fort on the Mississippi, acting under heavy fire. He later commanded a regiment defending the Texas coast and in the 1864 Red River Campaign.

San Antonio, TX

North Carolina-born Lee Hall came to Texas in 1869 and won national fame as a frontier lawman, serving as a Grayson County marshal and then in the Texas Rangers' Frontier Battalion from 1876 to 1880, pursuing notorious outlaws like Sam Bass and John Wesley Hardin and quelling the Taylor-Sutton feud. Decades later he was cited for gallantry in the Philippines during the Spanish-American War era.

Hallettsville, TX

Leiper Willoughby came to Texas in 1831 and fought in Captain William H. Patton's company at the Battle of San Jacinto in 1836, the engagement that won Texas its independence. He remained in arms for the young Republic, serving in the 1842 Vasquez Campaign against Mexican incursion and in frontier fighting that same year. He died in 1874, and the state honored him with a Star and Wreath marker in 1956.

Sherman, TX

Connecticut-born Noble Allan Birge came to Texas before the Civil War, served as Marion County's first sheriff and then as a Confederate captain, and afterward became a leading cotton merchant. He moved his family to Grayson County in 1874, and after the great Sherman tornado destroyed his earlier home, he built this exuberant Queen Anne and classical revival house in 1896, where the Birge family remained until 1969.

Brookshire, TX

Born in Tennessee in 1793, Captain Nathen Brookshire took part in the storming and capture of Bexar in December 1835, one of the opening victories of the Texas Revolution, and served as a captain in the Texas Army in 1836. The community of Brookshire later carried his name. He died in 1853.

Cobb County, GA

During the 1864 Atlanta Campaign, Union and Confederate armies grappled across the hills of north Georgia in a series of grinding engagements. Captain Peter Simonson, an Indiana artillery officer serving as a division chief of artillery, was entrenching a battery here on June 16, 1864 when a Confederate marksman killed him.

Teague, TX

Richard B. Haley was among the Anglo colonists who took up arms in 1835 as Texas moved toward revolution against Mexico. He fought in the Grass Fight in late November and in the capture of San Antonio that December, service that earned him six land grants. Born in Tennessee, he had settled in the Shelby County area in 1824 and later lived in Leon and Freestone counties.

Palestine, TX

Steven L. Bennett was born in Palestine in 1946 and grew up in Louisiana, joining the Air Force after studying aeronautical engineering. Serving in Vietnam in 1972 as a forward air controller, he and his back-seater helped scatter a large enemy force threatening a South Vietnamese platoon. When his aircraft was struck and his companion's parachute was found damaged, Bennett chose to ditch rather than eject, sacrificing his own life to save the other man, an act that earned him a posthumous Medal of Honor.

Greencastle, PA · est. 1954

On July 2, 1863, as the armies clashed just miles away at Gettysburg, young Union cavalry officer Ulric Dahlgren led a bold raid into the square at Greencastle and struck a larger body of Confederate horsemen. His troopers captured couriers carrying dispatches intended for General Lee, seizing papers that offered a glimpse into enemy movements at a decisive moment of the campaign.

Uvalde, TX

Maryland native William Benson trained as a civil engineer, then turned to teaching after settling in Brazoria County. During the Civil War he commanded a cavalry regiment as one of the youngest captains in the Confederacy before moving west to Uvalde, where he again took up the schoolroom. Around 1874 he and his wife Felicia settled on this site, living in a log house until their permanent home was finished about 1881, and Benson became a leader in the region's early irrigation efforts until his death in 1922.

Palestine, TX

This marker honors Captain William Kimbro, who came to Texas in 1831 during the Anglo-American colonization of the Mexican province and cast his lot with the revolution that followed. In April 1836 he commanded a company at the Battle of San Jacinto, the decisive eighteen-minute clash on the coastal prairie where Sam Houston's army routed Santa Anna and won Texas its independence. Kimbro settled in Anderson County, where he lived out his days until his death in 1856.

Liberty, TX

Born in North Carolina in 1802, William M. Logan moved to Liberty in 1832 and, four years later, organized and commanded a company of Texas volunteers at the decisive Battle of San Jacinto. He went on to serve as Liberty County's first sheriff before his death in Houston in 1839. His short life spanned the birth of the Republic of Texas.

Galveston, TX

William S. Fisher, a Virginia-born soldier, captained a company at the decisive Battle of San Jacinto in 1836, helping win Texas independence. Six years later he led the ill-fated Mier Expedition, a Texan raid into Mexico that ended in capture and the notorious "black bean" lottery of its prisoners. He died in Galveston in 1845, on the eve of Texas statehood.

Utopia, TX

This marker commemorates William Ware (1800–1853), a Kentucky-born soldier who commanded a company in the Texian army during the fight for independence. His unit served in the 2nd Regiment at the Battle of San Jacinto, the decisive 1836 engagement that secured Texas's break from Mexico. He lived out his years in the Texas Hill Country.

Newburgh, IN

In the summer of 1862, Confederate raiders crossed the Ohio River and seized Newburgh without a fight, bluffing the town into surrender with a small force and fake artillery fashioned from stovepipe and wagon parts. It is often remembered as the first Confederate capture of a town north of the Ohio, a jolt that spread alarm through the southern Indiana border country. The raiders carried off arms and supplies before slipping back across the river.

Sabine Pass, TX

When Texas seceded, the Union blockaded its ports, and the closeness of Sabine Pass to Galveston made it a prize for both sides. In January 1863, Confederate Gen. John B. Magruder ordered an attack on the two Union sentry ships using "cottonclads"—riverboats armored with cotton bales. In a two-hour fight on January 21, forces including Lt. Richard "Dick" Dowling's all-Irish Davis Guard neutralized the frigate Morning Light and forced the Velocity to surrender, capturing both ships, $10,000 in supplies, and 109 prisoners.

Vernonburg, GA

In the spring of 1864, Confederate sailors devised a daring night raid to seize a Union gunboat patrolling the Georgia coast. On a dark, stormy June night, boarding parties rowed with muffled oars up to the USS Water Witch, cut through her nettings, and captured her in a fierce hand-to-hand fight that killed their commander, Lt. Thomas Pelot.

Goldthwaite vicinity, TX

After the Civil War, families settled the Mills County area first called Lookout, and in 1889 A. F. Smith deeded two acres for a public school. When the infant son of the Nixon family died that year, he was buried on the school land, seeding a cemetery that remained when the school later burned and moved. More than 150 graves include veterans from the Civil War through both World Wars, and the burial ground endures as one of the few remnants of the vanished town of Caradan.

Lockhart, TX

John Madison Cardwell came to Caldwell County as a teenager, served through the Civil War, and returned to Lockhart to open a mercantile store on the courthouse square. In 1917 he commissioned this Classical Revival home with its two-story gallery and eleven-foot ceilings, but died before it was finished; his widow Martha lived here until 1944. The house survives as a graceful emblem of a self-made merchant's rise in a small Texas county seat.

Boyertown, PA · est. 1991

A 1914 West Point graduate who flew over France in World War I, Carl A. 'Tooey' Spaatz became one of America's foremost air commanders. In World War II he led the U.S. Eighth Air Force and then the Strategic Air Forces in Europe, directing the bombing campaign that supported the invasion and liberation of the continent, and in 1947 he became the first Chief of Staff of the newly independent U.S. Air Force. Boyertown was his home.

New Braunfels, TX

Born in Prussia in 1821, Carl Heinrich Guenther immigrated to Texas in 1845 and became a pillar of New Braunfels — one of its first public school teachers and a leader of the German singing societies. In 1854 he presided over a statewide Saengerfest that adopted an anti-slavery platform, an unpopular stance in Texas; though he shared those leanings, he later joined the Confederacy as a captain. After his death his widow Margarethe carried on the family brewing business.

Carlisle, PA · est. 1947

Founded in 1751 as the seat of Cumberland County, Carlisle grew into one of Pennsylvania's key frontier towns, a staging point for movement into the interior. Its people supplied a contingent for the first regiment of the Continental Army in 1775, and in 1794 the federal march against the Whiskey Rebels set out from here. The town sat at the crossroads of the young nation's military and westward ambitions.

North Middleton Township, PA · est. 1947

Founded in 1751 as the seat of Cumberland County, Carlisle grew into one of Pennsylvania's key frontier towns, a staging point for movement into the interior. Its people supplied a contingent for the first regiment of the Continental Army in 1775, and in 1794 the federal march against the Whiskey Rebels set out from here. The town sat at the crossroads of the young nation's military and westward ambitions.

Carlisle, PA · est. 1947

Founded in 1751 as the seat of Cumberland County, Carlisle grew into one of Pennsylvania's key frontier towns, a staging point for movement into the interior. Its people supplied a contingent for the first regiment of the Continental Army in 1775, and in 1794 the federal march against the Whiskey Rebels set out from here. The town sat at the crossroads of the young nation's military and westward ambitions.

Carlisle, PA · est. 1947

Laid out in 1751 as the seat of the newly formed Cumberland County, Carlisle sat at the edge of British settlement, a jumping-off point for traders, soldiers, and settlers pushing into the Pennsylvania backcountry. Its people answered the Revolution early, sending men to the first regiment of the Continental Army in 1775. In 1794 the town became a staging ground again when President Washington's forces mustered here to march west and put down the Whiskey Rebellion.

North Middleton Township, PA · est. 1947

Founded in 1751 as Cumberland County's seat, Carlisle grew up on the frontier of British Pennsylvania, a gateway for settlers and armies moving west. The town supplied men for the first regiment of the Continental Army in 1775, and in 1794 troops gathered here to march against the Whiskey Rebels in the new nation's first challenge to federal power.

Carlisle, PA · est. 1982

Standing since 1757, Carlisle Barracks is the oldest active Army post in the United States, born on the colonial frontier during the era of the French and Indian War. Its ground records nearly every chapter of American conflict: a stone powder magazine raised by Hessian prisoners during the Revolution still survives, and Confederate troops put the post to the torch on July 1, 1863, as the Gettysburg campaign swept north. From 1879 to 1918 it housed the Carlisle Indian Industrial School, a nationally significant and deeply controversial experiment in forced assimilation, before becoming home to the Army War College in 1951.

Carlisle, PA · est. 1961

When news of Braddock's defeat reached the Pennsylvania capital in July 1755, Governor Robert Morris ordered a fort laid out "in the middle of" the town of Carlisle — the first fortification authorized by the province. It served as Colonel John Armstrong's headquarters until 1758 and was later remembered by some writers as "Fort Lowther." The fort made Carlisle a staging ground for the province's defense of its frontier during the French and Indian War.

Winnsboro, TX

Built in 1903 by prominent attorney Marcus DeWitt Carlock, Sr. — a former Confederate courier, political leader, and friend of Governor Jim Hogg — this 17-room mansion was famous for its rare curly-pine stairway and lavish construction, right down to a foundation holding enough brick for a small house. A member of the Electoral College that helped elect Woodrow Wilson, Carlock entertained many high officials here. The home reflects the wealth and political reach of a leading East Texas family.

Yarmouth, MA

This memorial honors Carroll A. DeSilver, a young Cape Cod man who joined the U.S. Coast Guard and was lost in action in September 1942, as the service fought a largely unseen war against enemy submarines prowling the Atlantic coast. Erected by his community in 1951, it remembers one of the many local sons who did not come home from the Second World War. His name endures here as a marker of that sacrifice.

Gilmer County, GA

Organized in 1834 as Cartecay Methodist in the newly opened mountains of Gilmer County, this congregation built its present sanctuary in 1859. During the Civil War, townsmen stood guard over the building at night to protect it from raiders, and among the young men who preached here was the future bishop Warren Candler.

College Station, TX

A Virginia native and War of 1812 veteran, Richard Carter came from Alabama in 1831 to claim land in Stephen F. Austin's colony, on ground that is now College Station. He grew into one of the area's wealthiest landowners and enslavers, raising cattle, corn, and cotton in the years before the Civil War. Named to Brazos County's first Board of Commissioners in 1841, he helped survey its first county seat at Boonville, and traces of his home and family cemetery survive nearby.

Robert Lee, TX

Cary Allen Gates was born in Kentucky in 1836, came to Collin County, Texas, in 1858, and enlisted in the Confederate army at McKinney in 1861. He saw hard service — the Battle of Chickamauga, an injury at Murfreesboro, and a wound through the wrist at Spanish Fort, Alabama — before returning to civilian life, raising a large family, and settling in Coke County in 1906, where he lived until 1927. His long life bridged the frontier settlement of Texas and the early twentieth century.

Laredo, TX

Built in 1874 on land tracing back to a grant from Spain, Casa Vidaurri was raised by Santos Benavides, a prominent Laredo military and civic leader of the era. Sold within the family to Eulalio Benavides in 1883, the house has remained in the hands of the Benavides descendants ever since. Its recognition as a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1964 honors both the building and the deep-rooted borderland family it sheltered.