Industry & Invention

Los Gatos, CA

These remains mark a four-story flour mill built in 1854 by James Alexander Forbes near Los Gatos, at the edge of the Santa Clara Valley. Forbes was a Scottish-born settler and one-time British vice-consul in Mexican California who invested in milling as American settlers poured in after the Gold Rush. Water-powered mills like his turned the valley's grain into flour for a fast-growing state.

Llano, TX

These three attached buildings are believed to be the work of John Goodman, a stonemason who emigrated from Germany to Llano in 1878, and they show the corbelled brickwork typical of early twentieth-century commerce. Since 1904 the buff-and-red brick row has sheltered an astonishing variety of businesses — furniture and liquor stores, cafes and saloons, a saddle shop, a domino hall, and a theater among them. In 1989 the buildings were adapted to house the Llano County Library.

Rockaway Township, NJ

This 18th-century stone house sits in the heart of the Morris County iron district, a region whose forges and furnaces made northern New Jersey one of early America's most important sources of iron. The dwelling is tied to the ironmasters who worked these hills, whose furnaces supplied the material of everyday life—and, during the Revolution, cannon shot and hardware for the Continental cause.

Denton, TX

O'Neil Ford grew up in Sherman and Denton and learned his craft largely by correspondence course and hands-on work, meeting his mentor, architect David Williams, on a Denton church construction site. From the 1930s onward he became a defining architect of the American Southwest, designing Denton's Little Chapel in the Woods, restoring San Antonio's La Villita, and creating the Tower of the Americas for HemisFair. Blending natural materials, clean lines, and open spaces with the work of craftsmen and artists, he became an AIA Fellow and served on President Johnson's National Council for the Arts.

Denison, TX

Denison established Forest Park in 1872, the same year the town was founded as a terminus of the Missouri, Kansas & Texas ("Katy") Railroad, when Robert S. Stevens donated six acres on the condition it stay a public park forever. The park hosted the town's first civic celebrations and took its name from the woods that once covered it. During the bitter 1922 nationwide railroad shopmen's strike, the Texas National Guard pitched a tent city here — Camp Ellis — as hundreds of arrests were made among some 1,400 Katy workers.

Forks Township, PA

During the depths of the Great Depression, the Civilian Conservation Corps put hundreds of thousands of young men to work restoring America's forests, streams, and parklands. From 1933 to 1941, Camp S-95 stood here in the wooded hills of Sullivan County, its enrollees planting trees, fighting fires, and building the trails and infrastructure that still shape Pennsylvania's public lands. In exchange for a small wage sent largely home to their families, these workers gained steady labor, discipline, and a sense of purpose amid hard times.

Brenham, TX

Brothers J. D. and D. C. Giddings, lawyers by training, opened Brenham's first bank in 1866 as Texas rebuilt after the Civil War. In 1872 they erected this building for the bank, sharing the third floor with a Royal Arch Masons chapter — a common mingling of commerce and fraternal life in a growing town. The bank served the community until it closed in 1945.

Jacksboro, TX

Built in 1910 of stone from a nearby quarry, this depot served Jacksboro's second railroad, the Gulf, Texas & Western. The line was financed through local effort with backing from the New York banking firm of R. C. Megargel & Company. A recorded Texas Historical Landmark, it stands as a reminder of the rail connections that shaped small North Texas towns.

Hidalgo, TX

Built in 1889 to house a general merchandise store, this modest building set aside one corner for the town's postal service — a common arrangement on the Texas frontier, where the store was the heart of a community. It served as Hidalgo's post office until 1913, with storekeeper William Odell, his wife Josephine, and Gumaro Rodriguez among those who kept the mail moving. It is celebrated as the oldest surviving post office building of its kind.

Plainview, TX

Founded in 1912, the Texas Land & Development Company was an agricultural experiment on an enormous scale, drawing Eastern and European capital to develop 65,000 acres across Hale, Floyd, and Swisher counties. By pioneering irrigated and dryland farming methods on the High Plains, the company helped make the region one of the most productive in America before winding down in 1956. Its officers, farm superintendents, and even a staff historian left their mark on Panhandle agriculture.

Mansfield, OH

For more than a century the Ohio Brass Company manufactured electrical and industrial hardware in Mansfield, Ohio, from its founding in 1888 until it closed in 1990. Its shutdown put 1,220 people out of work, a blow of the kind that reshaped countless American factory towns in the late twentieth century. This marker stands where a pillar of the local economy once hummed.

Gardner, MA

In 1773, two years before Gardner was set off as its own town, Seth Heywood raised his home on this ground as one of the community's first settlers—and later helped push the petition that made the town official. The marker's real significance surfaces in its final line: in 1826 his grandson took up manufacturing here, planting the seed of an industry that would make Gardner famous as the 'Chair City' of America, where the Heywood name became synonymous with furniture-making. What began as a settler's homestead thus became the birthplace of a manufacturing dynasty that shaped the town for generations.

Miami, FL

From 1938 to 1943, the pioneering animation house Fleischer Studios operated from Miami, having relocated south from New York. Founded by brothers Max and Dave Fleischer, the studio was Walt Disney's chief early rival, known for Betty Boop, Popeye, and a landmark series of Superman cartoons whose lush, rotoscoped style influenced animation for decades. Their Miami years produced ambitious feature work before the studio was absorbed by its parent company and the operation wound down.

Midland, TX

Chartered in Odessa in 1902 as the Odessa National Bank, this institution moved to Midland in 1903 and took the name Midland National Bank, setting up shop in the two-story wooden Llano Hotel, a gathering place for ranchers and businessmen. Fire destroyed the building in 1909, but the rebuilt hotel again housed the bank, whose business shifted from agriculture to oil by 1927. Through new buildings, a 1968 merger, and a 1983 renaming, the bank followed Midland's rise from a ranching town to a center of the oil economy.

Temple, TX

In 1898 the Gulf, Colorado & Santa Fe Railroad chartered a YMCA in Temple and built a three-story hall the next year to lodge and entertain its railway workers. The "Y" also opened its doors to townspeople and pioneered youth athletics before fire destroyed the original building in 1934. Rebuilt and then handed to the USO in 1942, it served the community through war and peace.

Progreso, TX

The Rio Grande Valley's early agricultural boom owed much to the San Benito & Rio Grande Valley Railroad, begun in 1912 by Missouri native Sam A. Robertson and nicknamed the "Spiderweb" for its dense tangle of lines and spurs. In 1926 the railroad built a station here as the hub of Progreso, a planned citrus community, opening a channel that carried local produce to markets nationwide.

Rosenberg, TX

In 1914, Charles H. Waddell stitched together nine scattered telephone lines around Needville and set up a central switchboard, giving rural Fort Bend County a voice on the wire. The little exchange grew fast, linking a ring of farm towns and modernizing step by step — its first dial system in the late 1950s, buried rural cables in 1962, direct dialing to Houston in 1973, and digital switching by 1978. Remarkably, it stayed a family business through it all.

Fort Hancock, TX

When the town of Fort Hancock was founded in 1883, a general store opened alongside it, its founder soon becoming the area's first postmaster. Sold to the Hare family in 1916 and passed to their daughter in 1960, the mercantile stayed in continuous operation, stocking both modern goods and old-time staples like horse collars and coffee mills. It stands as the oldest store in Hudspeth County, serving the Mexican border country for generations.

Oceanport, NJ

Fort Monmouth in Oceanport was for generations the home of the U.S. Army Signal Corps, the branch responsible for the Army's communications, radar, and electronics — technology that reshaped how twentieth-century wars were fought. Its Avenue of Memories lined a fort roadway with 117 trees and monuments, each honoring a Signal Corps soldier who died in action during World War II. After the historic post was decommissioned, those monuments were preserved rather than lost, and in November 2025 all 117 were rededicated together in Cowan Park.

Fort Worth, TX

Fort Worth began in 1849 as a U.S. Army dragoon post named by Major Ripley Arnold for his old commander, General William Jenkins Worth, guarding the edge of Anglo settlement. After the fort's brief military life, the town it spawned boomed once millions of longhorns began fording the Trinity here on their way up the Chisholm Trail, earning the nickname "Cowtown." The railroad's 1876 arrival turned it into one of the world's great cattle markets, and later meatpacking, oil, and aircraft plants carried its growth into the modern era.

Amarillo, TX

Chartered by Fort Worth citizens in 1873 but delayed by that year's financial panic, the Fort Worth and Denver City Railway became the first railroad to cross the Texas Panhandle. Grading began in 1881 under famed engineer G. M. Dodge, and as crews pushed the rails northwest, their camps became towns—Amarillo among them, born in 1887. The line's completion in 1888 opened a through route to Denver and helped transform the old buffalo range into an economy of cattle, grain, and petroleum.

Westworth Village, TX

In 1941, Fort Worth boosters led by Amon G. Carter secured an aircraft plant to build B-24 Liberator bombers, and the Army opened an adjoining airfield that in 1943 became Fort Worth Army Air Field, training more than 4,000 pilots during World War II. Renamed Carswell Air Force Base in 1948 for hometown Medal of Honor pilot Horace S. Carswell, Jr., it became a front-line Strategic Air Command base of the Cold War—home first to the giant B-36 Peacemaker and then the B-52, whose crews flew the Vietnam War's Operation Linebacker II in 1972. After the base closed in 1993 it reopened as a Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base.

Fort Worth, TX

When the railroad reached Fort Worth in 1876, it transformed the town from a regional trading post into a national livestock hub. The stockyards' Belt Railway, launched in 1904, shuttled cattle and supplies into the yards and finished products out to markets across the country. As trucking rose in the 1920s the belt declined, and today a short surviving stretch carries an excursion train through the historic stockyards district.

Fort Worth, TX

In the late 1860s Fort Worth was a stop on the great cattle trails, and by the 1870s it had organized a market that would become one of the world's greatest cattle centers. This building, erected in 1902-03, housed the Stockyards Company, livestock commissions, and buyers as trading nearly doubled and small packing plants gave way to multi-million-dollar operations. Surrounded then by lawns, the exchange stood at the heart of an industry that earned Fort Worth its nickname, "Cowtown."

Fort Worth, TX

Fort Worth's post office dates to 1856, when pioneer settler Julian Feild served as its first postmaster, but the city's central postal offices moved into this grand building when it was completed in 1933. Designed by the noted local firm of Wyatt C. Hedrick, it gleams inside with marble, bronze, and gold leaf, while its exterior ornamentation pays tribute to the cattle industry that built the region. It is a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark.

Fort Worth, TX

Built in 1930 by an Oklahoma City developer, this striking building gave Fort Worth farmers, vendors, and merchants a shared marketplace. Its architect blended Spanish Colonial Revival, Italian Baroque, and Art Deco flourishes into one exuberant design. The public market ran until 1941, after which the landmark found new life housing a parade of other businesses.

Fort Worth, TX

Formed in 1893 when a Boston-led group of investors bought the Fort Worth Union Stock Yards, this company transformed the city into a livestock capital. It courted the Cattle Raisers Association and lured meatpacking giants Armour and Swift to build plants nearby, then drew animals to market through publicity and its Fat Stock Show. During World War I, foreign armies buying draft animals made Fort Worth the world's largest horse and mule market, and receipts soared into the millions before postwar decline.

Fort Worth, TX

Completed in 1910, this concrete gateway spans Exchange Avenue to announce the Fort Worth Stock Yards, one of the great livestock markets of the American West. Built by the Topeka Bridge & Land Co. for the Stock Yards Company, its towering columns and long sign made it an ambitious feat of concrete construction for the era. The entrance still stands as the iconic threshold to Fort Worth's historic stockyards district.

Fort Worth, TX

After the Fort Worth Union Stock Yards struggled to convince Texans to raise hogs, the stockyards launched an aggressive 1903 campaign of cash prizes and a youth Pig Club program that sent hog processing soaring from about 150,000 in 1903 to over a million by 1917. Sheep numbers likewise climbed, and by 1936 Texas led the nation in both cattle and sheep. Demand surged again during World War II, when the yards processed more than two million sheep a year, cementing Fort Worth as one of America's largest livestock centers.

Fort Worth, TX

The Stock Yard Company's wooden horse and mule barns burned on March 14, 1911—opening day of the show later known as the Southwestern Exposition & Fat Stock Show, which went on as planned with former President Theodore Roosevelt delivering the opening address. Rebuilt in 1912 as fireproof concrete-and-steel structures holding 3,000 animals, the barns became some of the finest stables in the world. When World War I broke out in 1914, European armies bought Fort Worth horses and mules by the trainload, spending an estimated $11 million and making the city the largest horse and mule market on earth.

Gladewater, TX

William Emmett and Mary Foshee bought this Upshur-country land in 1884 and raised their large family in a house built in 1890 from lumber sawn at John O'Byrne's mill, distinguished by a chimney of hand-hewn 'ironrock' from the creek that crossed the property. William wore many hats on the frontier — postmaster, farmer, lumber contractor, and justice of the peace. In the early 1930s one of the first wells of the great East Texas oil field came in on this ground, and the family's Ironrock Oil Company, named for that curious stone, was still operating when the marker was placed.

Victoria, TX

Italian immigrant Frank Fossati opened his first Victoria delicatessen in 1882 and moved it into this purpose-built brick storefront in 1895. Handling imported foods, groceries, and feed, it became a beloved gathering place—and one of the oldest surviving commercial buildings in the city, complete with double front doors and multi-light transoms.

Rosenberg, TX

The Foster community traces to 1821, when Randolph Foster pitched a permanent camp on an enormous land grant tied to his father John, one of Stephen F. Austin's "Old Three Hundred" colonists. Foster kin fought in the Texas War for Independence, and the settlement thrived on sugar cane in the 1840s, later shipping its crop by a railroad Imperial Sugar built to the mills at Sugar Land. Schools, a store, and a post office followed, but by the end of World War II the failing sugar crop, the Depression, and shifting ownership drained the community away.

Morris Township, NJ

This Gothic Revival house was built in 1854 by General Joseph Warren Revere, a career military and naval officer and grandson of the Revolutionary patriot Paul Revere. In 1881 it was purchased by Charles Foster, and his daughter Caroline kept the property as a working farm through much of the twentieth century. In 1973 she donated it to the Morris County Park Commission, and it endures today as a living historical farm.

Lincoln, CA

This marker honors Colonel C. Lincoln Wilson, the founder of the city of Lincoln, California, and a builder of the state's earliest railroads as first president of the Sacramento Valley Railroad and founder of the California Central Railroad. In an age when rail lines determined which towns flourished, Wilson laid out a community that took his name and grew along the tracks he helped bring to the Sacramento Valley.

Pittsburgh, PA · est. 1997

In the industrial boomtown of Pittsburgh, delegates gathered at Turner Hall on November 15, 1881, to build a federation of trade unions that would soon be known as the American Federation of Labor. Under leaders who insisted on organizing skilled workers by craft, the AFL grew into the nation's largest labor federation and a durable force in American working life. In 1955 it merged with its industrial-union rival to form the AFL-CIO that endures today.

Pittsburgh, PA · est. 1997

As the Great Depression reshaped American industry, thirty-four international unions sent delegates to Pittsburgh in November 1938 for the first convention of the Congress of Industrial Organizations. Breaking from the older craft-based model, the CIO organized entire industries—steel, autos, rubber—bringing millions of mass-production workers into the labor movement. Pittsburgh's own Philip Murray led the organization as president from 1940 to 1952.

Pittsburgh, PA · est. 1999

On February 4, 1896, sixteen delegates gathered at Moorheads Hall on this site to form the International Association of Bridge, Structural, Ornamental, and Reinforcing Iron Workers. Meeting in Pittsburgh, the heart of America's steel and bridge-building boom, they organized to win better wages and, above all, safer conditions in one of the era's most dangerous trades. By its centennial in 1996 the union counted some 140,000 members.

West Liberty, KY

Edmund Wells settled this stretch of eastern Kentucky about 1814, running a mill, ferry, and tavern when it was still part of Floyd County. When Morgan County was created, its first court met at his home in 1823, and Wells gave the land for the county seat of West Liberty and built its first jail and courthouse. His grist mill, completed in 1816, anchored the settlement first known as Wells Mill and remained a landmark long after he sold it around 1838.

Houston County, TX

In 1899 R.M. Keith, agent for the Central Coal & Coke Company, began buying up the region's virgin pine, and by 1902 the great "Four C" mill was sawing 300,000 board feet a day. A railroad from Lufkin and a web of tram lines fed fresh-cut timber to the mill, and the company built houses, a store, and logging camps for its workers. Rivalry with the nearby town of Ratcliff turned bitter—a 16-foot fence between them was dynamited more than once—before the company exhausted its 120,000 acres and dismantled the mill in 1920.

Burkburnett, TX

In 1918, cotton farmers Shields and Cassie Fowler were ready to abandon their drought-stricken land near Burkburnett until Cassie suggested drilling for oil instead. With help from family, friends, and local merchants, they sank a well near their hog pen, and on July 26 the Fowler Discovery Well blew in, gushing some 2,500 barrels a day. It tapped the enormous Townsite Pool and set off four years of frenzied boomtown growth, with nearly 3,000 wells and several refineries crowding the area.

Homestead, PA · est. 2003

When Frances Perkins came to Homestead in July 1933 as the nation's first female cabinet secretary, local officials tried to silence her — barring her from meeting aggrieved steelworkers in a nearby park. Undaunted, the U.S. Secretary of Labor simply moved the gathering onto federal ground at the local post office, where free speech could not be denied. As the architect of much of the New Deal, including Social Security and wage-and-hour laws, Perkins served longer than any labor secretary in history.

Santa Barbara, CA

The Franceschi House crowns a hillside in Santa Barbara, once home to Francesco Franceschi, an Italian-born horticulturist who arrived in the 1890s and transformed the region's gardens. He introduced hundreds of new plant species to Southern California, helping shape the lush, Mediterranean landscape the area is known for today. Though now closed to the public, the house and its surrounding park preserve his botanical legacy.

Port Arthur, TX

Frank Trost came to Port Arthur in 1895 and turned a photography hobby into a thriving studio at this site. On January 10, 1901, he rushed his cumbersome equipment to the Lucas Gusher at Spindletop and captured images of the erupting oil on a glass negative he made himself. The photograph ran in newspapers across the country and abroad, and demand was so intense he printed as many as 250 copies a day.

Weatherford, TX

Built around 1870, this two-story brick storefront was the beating heart of Weatherford's money and politics as the frontier gave way to the railroad age. It housed the first bank west of Dallas, opened by cattle-fortune banker James Couts, and later the law offices of Samuel Willis Tucker Lanham, who would become governor of Texas. In the 1890s it served the troubled Franco-Texan Land Company, which speculated on the vast stretch of country the Texas and Pacific Railway opened between Weatherford and El Paso.

Rockport, TX

Early settlers called this low coastal island "Nine Mile Point," and a meatpacking company first worked it commercially in the late 1860s. When the company left in 1878, Austrian immigrant Franz Joseph Frandolig, a horseman who had driven cattle to its plant, homesteaded the land and built a livelihood there—a large fig orchard, a vineyard that yielded wine sold by the barrel, and a salt works, with produce sold in Rockport and Fulton. The family sold the property early in the 1900s, and the devastating hurricane of 1919 returned the island to a wild, uninhabited state.

Bellville, TX

Friedrich "Fritz" Frank, born in Germany in 1818, sailed to Galveston in 1852 and settled in Austin County, where he put the brewing skills he had learned in the old country to work. The Frank Brewery operated for decades in this heavily German community, later run by his son Herman, who even added a racetrack to promote the product, until Prohibition closed it in 1918. Fritz and his wife Marie lie in this small family cemetery alongside three generations of Franks.

Wilkinsburg, PA · est. 1990

In a Wilkinsburg garage around 1919 and 1920, Westinghouse engineer Frank Conrad tinkered with an amateur wireless station, 8XK, and began sending out music and talk to fellow hobbyists. Those experiments proved there was a public eager to listen, and they led directly to the launch of KDKA and the birth of commercial broadcasting. Over a 37-year career Conrad amassed more than 200 patents.

Philadelphia, PA · est. 2002

Frank Gasparro, born and trained in classical art in Philadelphia, joined the U.S. Mint as a junior engraver in 1942 and rose to become its 10th Chief Engraver in 1965. His designs are among the most widely handled art in America: the reverse of the Lincoln penny, and, with Gilroy Roberts, the Kennedy half-dollar. He also shaped the Eisenhower and Susan B. Anthony dollars, among many other coins and medals.

Wichita Falls, TX

Native Texan Frank Kell (1859–1941) and his brother-in-law Joseph A. Kemp built fortunes in grain, banking, real estate, and railroads that helped turn Wichita Falls into the commercial hub of North Texas. In 1909 Kell commissioned this classical revival house from the firm of Jones and Orlopp, and his descendants kept it in the family for more than seventy years.

Philadelphia, PA · est. 2010

Frank N. Piasecki was an aviation pioneer who flew the second successful helicopter in the United States and invented the world's first tandem-rotor helicopter, making rotorcraft genuinely practical in the 1940s. The Philadelphia company he founded here evolved into a division of Boeing and a world leader in helicopter production, while his later firm kept pushing the frontier of advanced rotorcraft. He received the National Medal of Technology in 1986.

Corsicana, TX

A Navarro County native, Frank Neal Drane rose from his father's hardware store to become president of City National Bank and, in 1901, founder of the Corsicana Power and Light Company. A city alderman and church leader, he wanted to share his prosperity with his neighbors. In 1938 he established the Navarro Community Foundation, whose grants have since supported causes across the county, including Navarro College.

Brownsville, TX

Born in 1866 to Texas ranching pioneers, Frank Rabb settled with his wife Lillian on the twenty-thousand-acre San Tomas estate near the Rio Grande. He built one of the area's first irrigation systems, helped charter the Chatfield Irrigation Co., and lobbied to bring the railroad that by 1904 turned Valley land into booming farmland. A leader in the south Texas Progressive Democrat machine and a figure in the turbulent Mexican Revolution, he also offered the government a sabal palm grove in 1917 that decades later became a wildlife sanctuary.

Llano, TX

Trained under master sculptors in his native Germany, Frank Teich came to the United States in 1878 and by 1883 had established himself in San Antonio as a skilled stonemason and artist. His work on the State Capitol led to courthouses and a great many Confederate memorials and monuments across the South, and in 1901 he founded Teich Monument Works near Llano. That enterprise helped launch the region's granite industry, and Teich is buried in the Llano Cemetery.

Frankel City, TX

When the Fullerton Oil Company struck oil near here in 1941, the boom drew a flood of workers, and by 1945 more than a hundred rigs were pumping. The town of Fullerton sprang up with churches, cafes, filling stations, and shops, renamed Frankel City when its post office opened in 1948 and serving as many as 500 families at its peak. But as the field played out by 1976, workers were laid off or transferred, businesses closed, and the town emptied — leaving the old Prairie Schooner Cafe as its last standing remnant.

El Paso, TX

The Franklin Canal grew out of centuries of irrigation along the Rio Grande, from Spanish colonial ditches to the modern system begun by the El Paso Irrigation Company in 1890. Completed in 1912, it ran from the international dam five miles through downtown El Paso, carrying water thirty miles into the valley. A 1906 U.S.-Mexico treaty even obligated the canal to deliver 60,000 acre-feet of water annually to Mexico, making it a fixture of cross-border water diplomacy.

Tilden, TX

Ralph "Rafe" Franklin came to McMullen County as a boy in the early 1860s and around 1870 began building a ranch that grew to some 40,000 acres, among the largest in the region. He raised a large family at the San Miguel Creek headquarters, briefly ran sheep and goats, then committed to cattle—introducing one of the area's first black Angus herds in 1902. The old San Antonio–Laredo Stage Road crossed the property, a route that had carried Confederate cotton toward Mexico during the Civil War.

Washoe County, NV

Orson Hyde, a probate judge in Utah Territory, founded Franktown in the Washoe Valley in 1855, and after the Comstock silver strike of 1859 its sawmill and a sixty-stamp quartz mill became vital suppliers of timber and ore processing for the booming mines. Hundreds of workers labored at the mill amid a district of fertile farms. When a railroad linked Carson City directly to Virginia City in 1869, Franktown's milling business quickly lost its purpose and the once-prosperous town declined.

San Angelo, TX

A German immigrant, Fred Beck reached San Angelo in 1886, bought this homesite in 1889, and by 1892 had opened his own butcher shop. After an earlier house on the lot burned, he hired the noted architect Oscar Ruffini in 1912 to design a new home — a brick adaptation of a Queen Anne cottage with a pyramidal roof, wraparound porch, and low gabled dormers. The result has stood as a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark since 1989.

New York, NY

Fred Christ Trump was born in the Queens neighborhood of Woodhaven in 1905 and, according to this marker, began building as a teenager and raised this store. From those beginnings grew the family real-estate firm E. Trump & Son, later the Trump Organization, which shaped much of the outer-borough housing landscape in the twentieth century. The plaque notes his role as father of Donald Trump.