Civil War

Sierra Blanca, TX

Sixteen miles southwest along the Rio Grande, on the old military and stage road from San Antonio to El Paso, Fort Quitman anchored the Confederate far western frontier after U.S. posts were surrendered in 1861. Occupied by Texas mounted rifles, it sat on the supply and communication line for the 1861–62 Confederate campaign to reach the Pacific through Arizona and New Mexico, and was briefly held by Union troops from California in 1862. From here, thinly manned camps a day's ride apart guarded a 2,000-mile frontier for the western Confederacy.

Rio Grande City, TX

Early in the Civil War, Confederate Texans under Col. John S. Ford occupied Fort Ringgold on the Rio Grande, a vital link in the chain of posts guarding Texas's vast frontier, coastline, and border. From here commanders like Ford, August Buchel, and Santos Benavides scouted the river, defended ranches, and protected the cotton wagons trading through neutral Mexico for war supplies. Union cavalry seized the fort in late 1863, but Ford retook it in May 1864 and used it as a springboard to recapture Brownsville.

Sabine Pass, TX

When war came in 1861, the citizens of Sabine City formed a Committee of Safety and, with enslaved and free labor, raised a dirt-and-timber earthwork to guard the strategic Sabine Pass channel into East Texas and western Louisiana. In September 1862 a Union steamer and two schooners battered the fort; with only about sixty defenders and yellow fever spreading, Confederate Major Josephus S. Irvine spiked the guns and abandoned it. Lessons from its fall shaped nearby Fort Griffin, site of the famous 1863 Confederate victory at Sabine Pass.

Fort Smith, AR

"Our Confederate Dead, 1861–1865" — this memorial in Fort Smith honors the western Arkansas men who died fighting for the Confederacy during the Civil War. A frontier river town on the edge of Indian Territory, Fort Smith sat at a strategic crossroads that both armies contested.

Ft. Stockton, TX

After Federal troops abandoned it at the start of the Civil War, Fort Stockton was occupied by the 2nd Regiment Texas Mounted Rifles as part of the Confederacy's far-western defense line and its bid to reach the Pacific through the Arizona–New Mexico campaign of 1861–62. Comanche and Apache activity centered on the area, and California Union troops came to dominate the region from 1862 to 1865. The post also drew Union sympathizers and others hoping to escape the war.

Alexandria, VA

During the Civil War, Washington, D.C. was ringed by a vast network of earthen forts and gun batteries built to defend the Union capital against Confederate attack. Fort Ward, in Alexandria, was one of the largest of these works, and this marker identifies the remains of an outlying gun battery — a forward emplacement that extended the fort's defensive firepower across the surrounding terrain. Such batteries housed artillery positioned to cover roads and approaches that the main fort alone could not reach.

Savoy, TX

Built in 1836 by Arkansas Indian trader Abel Warren to guard his trading post, Fort Warren was among the earliest settlements in Fannin County, its bois d'arc walls anchored by two-story corner guardhouses. Kiowa, Tonkawa, Caddo, Wichita, and other peoples came to exchange furs for knives, paint, and trade goods, and during the Civil War the post served as a supply center funneling provisions to Confederate troops and Indian refugees in the Territory to the north.

Gonzales, TX

Named for Confederate General Thomas N. Waul, this earthen fort was begun in late 1863 to guard inland Texas against a possible Federal push up the Guadalupe River and to protect military supply trains. Engineer Col. Albert Miller Lea oversaw its construction, partly by enslaved laborers, on a scale of roughly 250 by 750 feet. Surviving records leave it uncertain whether the fortification was ever finished.

Plymouth, NC

Fort Williams was the principal Union stronghold at Plymouth, named for General Thomas Williams. As the Confederate assault of April 1864 collapsed the surrounding works, the garrison fell back to this fort, which held out until it too surrendered on April 20. Its capitulation ended the battle and handed the town to Confederate forces.

Goldsboro, NC

On December 17, 1862, Union troops under General John G. Foster struck Goldsboro during a raid from their base at New Bern, aiming to cut the vital Wilmington and Weldon Railroad. The attack was part of the wider Union effort to control eastern North Carolina's rivers and rail lines. The raiders damaged the railroad bridge before withdrawing.

Austin, TX

This state marker rests over the graves of Frances Lenoir McCulloch and her son Benjamin, mother and son of a family that gave two brigadier generals to the Confederacy. Benjamin McCulloch first fought as a private at the Battle of San Jacinto in 1836, helping win Texas independence, then became a noted Texas Ranger before rising to Confederate brigadier general. He was killed at the Battle of Elk Horn (Pea Ridge), Arkansas, in March 1862.

Texarkana, TX

Francis Marion Henry, a great-great-grandson of the Revolutionary orator Patrick Henry, served in the Confederate army before buying land in the young town of Texarkana around 1873. Elected to the Texas Senate in 1876, he built the city's first brick home, donated ground for a Methodist church, and spent 34 years as a leading trial lawyer of wide repute. When he died in 1911, every business in Texarkana closed in his honor.

Chatfield, TX

Born in Kentucky in 1830 and orphaned young, Francis Marion Martin led his adoptive family to Navarro County in 1853 and built a life as a horse breeder and farmer before entering politics under the wing of Sam Houston. A Confederate cavalry captain in poor health, he returned to public life after the war as a constitutional convention delegate and state senator, proudly styling himself a "farmer-senator." As the "Swamp Fox of Navarro," he championed farmers and laborers, drew significant African American support, served as lieutenant governor from 1883 to 1885, and later became a Populist leader.

Dallas, TX

Frankford Cemetery began as a resting place for pioneers along the old Preston Road cattle-drive route, its first burial dating to 1862. Among those interred is John T. Coit, a South Carolina lawyer who raised a Dallas-area regiment and served as a Confederate colonel in the Civil War, later reinterred here. The burial ground has been tied since the 1870s to the White Rock Masonic Lodge, whose hall doubled as church and school.

Galveston, TX

Built in 1886 to replace a home lost in a great Strand fire, this Italianate house belonged to attorney and judge Robert M. Franklin, son of San Jacinto veteran Benjamin C. Franklin, for whom Franklin County was named. Robert had fought in the Civil War Battle of Galveston as a Confederate "horse Marine" aboard a cotton-clad gunboat and later helped plan the city's protective seawall. In 1931 the house passed to John F. Wandless, a Boer War and World War I veteran who served as a Gulf Coast intelligence officer for Britain during World War II while his wife ran a local British sailors' club.

Fredericksburg, VA · est. 1936

Union troops crossed the Rappahannock and charged a stone wall held by entrenched Confederates below Marye's Heights. Wave after wave fell; nearly 13,000 Union casualties resulted.

Loyalsock Township, PA · est. 1993

Daniel Hughes, a Black raftsman who steered timber down the Susquehanna River, used his travels to a darker purpose for slavery's defenders: in the years before the Civil War he guided fugitives from Maryland to his home here, sheltering them before they moved north to freedom along the Underground Railroad. Hughes gave part of his land for a cemetery, where nine known African American veterans of the Civil War are buried. Known as Freedom Road Cemetery since 1936, the ground honors both the escape network and the men who later fought for the Union.

Comfort, TX

Between 1845 and 1861, German 'Freidenker'—Freethinkers who prized reason, democracy, and secular learning—settled across the Texas Hill Country, many of them refugees from the failed 1848 revolution. They founded Comfort and neighboring 'Latin Colonies' where a knowledge of Latin marked the cultured farmer-intellectual. Committed to universal rights, they opposed slavery and secession, and their loyalty to the Union during the Civil War cost many of them their freedom and their lives.

Saint Louis, MO

This St. Louis monument honors Friedrich Hecker, a fiery leader of the failed German revolutions of 1848 who fled to the United States and became a hero to America's German immigrant community. The paired dates—1848 and 1861—trace his arc from European revolutionary to Union colonel, raising a regiment to fight for the country that had taken him in. Hecker embodied the "Forty-Eighters," liberal émigrés who poured their idealism into the Union cause.

Edom, TX

The first burial here was nineteen-year-old Elizabeth Carolina Piles in May 1856, followed within days by her sister, on land owned by their father. Among the roughly 188 graves lie six Confederate veterans of the Civil War. Four acres were set aside for the cemetery in 1886 and doubled by a later gift, and an association tends the grounds today.

San Francisco, CA

Fort Point stands at the southern edge of the Golden Gate, a masonry fortress completed in 1861 to guard the entrance to San Francisco Bay just as the Civil War began. Its multi-tiered brick casemates were a marvel of 19th-century military engineering, and the American Society of Civil Engineers recognized it as a landmark in 1976. Though its guns never fired in anger, it symbolized the Union's determination to hold the gold-rich Pacific coast.

Walnut Springs, TX

First known as the Morgan Cemetery for Kentucky-born Daniel Morgan, who came to Texas in 1834 and served in the Civil War with the Texas State Troops, this burial ground sits along the eastern fork of the Bosque River. Its earliest marked grave dates to 1880, and oral tradition holds that railroad workers were buried here because of the nearby rail line. After the Morgan family sold out and left around 1906, the name changed to Fulton, honoring the trustees who took over the land.

McConnellsburg, PA · est. 1982

Established from Bedford County in 1850, Fulton County honors Robert Fulton, the Pennsylvania-born pioneer of the steamboat. Its seat, McConnellsburg, was incorporated in 1814 in the ridges of south-central Pennsylvania. During the Civil War the county saw the first casualties of the Confederacy's Gettysburg Campaign, and in 1864 it hosted the last Confederate campsite on Pennsylvania soil.

Middlebury, VT

This cannon was presented in 1910 by the U.S. Government to W. P. Russell Post No. 89 of the Grand Army of the Republic, the Vermont department of the great fraternal order of Union Civil War veterans. In the decades after the war, aging veterans gathered in G.A.R. posts across the North to keep faith with fallen comrades, and the federal government issued surplus ordnance to adorn their memorials. The gun stands as a tangible link between a small Vermont town and the armies that preserved the Union.

Gainesville, TX

Founded in 1850 and named for General Edmund P. Gaines, whose troops had backed the young Republic of Texas in 1836, Gainesville sat on the edge of the frontier in Cooke County. It served as a Confederate military supply headquarters during the Civil War and long stood as a bulwark against raids, while growing into a hub of agriculture, industry, and oil — and home to the famed Gainesville Community Circus.

Honey Grove, TX

Marshall A. Galbraith left Kentucky for Fannin County in 1847 and, after serving in a Texas Confederate cavalry regiment during the Civil War, returned to build this Greek Revival home around 1870. A farmer and businessman, he raised a family whose descendants still occupied the house when it was recognized as a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1973.

Galveston, TX

Founded in 1842 by Samuel Bangs, Texas's first printer, the Galveston News grew under Willard Richardson into a major paper housed in the city's first four-story building. The Civil War forced it to flee to Houston, print on straw paper and yellow tissue, and shrink its columns, but it endured; under Confederate veteran A. H. Belo it later founded the Dallas Morning News in 1885, pioneering twin editions issued 300 miles apart.

Galveston, TX

Few places have packed so much Texas history onto one strip of sand as Galveston Island. Shipwrecked Spaniards met the Karankawa here in 1528, the pirate Jean Lafitte made it his headquarters, it served briefly as capital of the Republic in 1836, and it changed hands in the Civil War before the catastrophic hurricane of 1900 killed thousands and remade the city behind a great seawall.

Galveston, TX

Galveston was Texas's most important seaport during the Civil War, a cotton-exporting city with foreign consulates and a ring of mud forts and gun batteries. Even under Federal blockade, daring blockade runners slipped out to Nassau, Havana, and Europe, trading cotton for guns and medicine. Confederates under General John B. Magruder retook the city on January 1, 1863, and the Trans-Mississippi Department made its final surrender here—followed on June 19 by the Emancipation proclamation that gave rise to Juneteenth.

Annona, TX

Joseph and Martha Wagley came from Louisiana to Red River County in 1833, part of the wave of settlers moving into the young Republic of Texas's borderlands. Their family burial ground took shape here before the Civil War, in which Joseph served the Confederacy and lost a son. After Joseph sold the land to the Garland family in 1866 the cemetery took on their name, and by 1914 it passed to the Methodist church, which with the Annona community still tends it today.

Dallas, TX

This burial ground holds the pioneer families who settled early Dallas County, with graves reaching back to the 1870s. Prominent merchants and attorneys—James Garvin and the Crawford brothers—donated the land to the community. Among those resting here are Civil War veterans, including Col. Pleasant Swor, who led an assault at the Battle of Corinth.

Gonzales, TX

The Gates family came to Texas as part of Stephen F. Austin's original colony, and this cemetery sits on land granted to Samuel H. Gates for service in the Texas War for Independence. The first burial, in 1863, was his son Samuel A., a Confederate soldier who died soon after returning from imprisonment at Vicksburg; another son, Joseph Dillard Gates, served in one of Texas's first Confederate units before a career in county affairs. A later descendant taught on Indian reservations and helped organize the cemetery association.

Covington, TX

Founded around 1860 by Covington's founder Col. James Gathings and his brother Philip, Gathings College drew over 200 students and added a military department to prepare young men for Civil War service. While most of Confederate Texas's twenty-five colleges shuttered for want of teachers and books, this one stayed open—sustained by Gathings's mills, tannery, and workshops. He gave flour, meat, and shoes to soldiers' needy families and outfitted army units at his own expense.

Austin, TX

Born in Virginia in 1827, Alexander Watkins Terrell came to Texas in 1852 and served as a district judge before the Civil War, then rose to brigadier general in the Confederate army by 1865. In the decades after the war he became one of the state's most influential public men—serving thirty years in the Texas Legislature and, in the 1890s, as U.S. Minister to Turkey. He died at Mineral Wells in 1912.

Georgetown, KY

Scott County native Basil W. Duke (1838–1916) served the Confederacy as the trusted lieutenant and brother-in-law of John Hunt Morgan, giving discipline and dash to the famed 2nd Kentucky Cavalry. Twice wounded in 1862 and captured during the 1863 Indiana–Ohio raid, he later took command of Morgan's brigade and helped escort Jefferson Davis in the war's final weeks. Afterward he practiced law in Louisville, entered politics, and wrote the History of Morgan's Cavalry.

Independence, TX

James Willie was a Georgia-born lawyer who rose in the young state of Texas to become its Attorney General in 1856–57, helping shape the legal footing of a state barely a decade removed from its own republic. When secession came, he cast his lot with the Confederacy, serving as an officer until his death in Houston in 1863. His life traces the arc from antebellum statecraft to the Civil War that consumed it.

Paducah, KY

This heroic statue honors General Lloyd Tilghman, a Maryland-born engineer who laid out the first railroad to reach Paducah before casting his lot with the Confederacy in 1861. He was killed leading troops near Vicksburg in May 1863. His sons and the United Daughters of the Confederacy erected the monument in 1909, sculpted by the noted Boston artist Henry H. Kitson.

Washington County, MD

On the morning of September 14, 1862, the Maryland Campaign reached the wooded slopes of South Mountain, where Confederate forces fought to hold the gaps against advancing Union columns three days before the carnage at Antietam. In the fighting around Fox's Gap, Brigadier General Samuel Garland, Jr.—a young Lynchburg lawyer turned brigade commander under D. H. Hill—rode among his North Carolinians to steady their line and was struck down, dying of his wound that day. His loss was one of several among senior officers in a battle that bought the Army of Northern Virginia precious hours but could not stop the Federal push through the passes.

Burnet, TX

Adam Rankin Johnson made his name as a Confederate cavalry raider, riding with Nathan Bedford Forrest before commanding his own Partisan Rangers on daring strikes behind Union lines in Kentucky and Indiana — including the audacious capture of Newburgh with a dozen men and a fake 'cannon' made from a stovepipe. Blinded by a gunshot wound in 1864, he returned to Burnet County and, sightless, became one of frontier Texas's great builders: a mail contractor, surveyor, and the founder of Marble Falls, whom he championed for its water power on the Colorado River. Erected by the State of Texas in 1963 as a memorial to Texans who served the Confederacy.

Sanderson, TX

Virginia-born Alexander W. Terrell came to Texas in 1852 and served as a district judge before entering Confederate service in 1863, commanding Terrell's Texas Cavalry. Assigned to protect the cotton trade that was the South's economic lifeblood, he fought in the 1864 Red River Campaign to repel a Union invasion of Texas and was wounded at the Battle of Mansfield. Rather than surrender, he briefly went to Mexico, then returned to a distinguished career as a legislator who authored Texas's primary election law and as U.S. Minister to Turkey. The marker also stands as a state memorial to all Texans who served the Confederacy.

Lafayette, LA

Jean-Jacques Alfred Alexander Mouton (1829–1864) was a Lafayette-born Confederate brigadier general who fought through the western campaigns of the Civil War — Shiloh, Lafourche, the Bayou Teche, and the Red River. He was killed in 1864 at the Battle of Mansfield, a Confederate victory that halted the Union's Red River Campaign in Louisiana.

Meridian, TX

Alison Nelson (1822–1862) packed several lives into forty years — Georgia legislator and mayor of Atlanta, a general in Cuban liberation forces in 1850, and, after reaching Texas in 1856, a fighter in the state's Indian campaigns. He served as a delegate to the 1861 Secession Convention, then raised and led the 10th Texas Infantry, repulsing a Federal assault at Devall's Bluff, Arkansas, before dying of illness in camp in October 1862.

Comanche, TX

Connecticut-born and Yale-educated, Ashbel Smith studied medicine in France before coming to Texas in 1837, where he served as the Republic's surgeon-general, diplomat to England and France, and its last Secretary of State. He fought in the Mexican War, commanded the 2nd Texas Infantry in the Civil War, and later became the first chairman of the University of Texas Board of Regents, shaping the young state's ideals of scholarship.

Brady, TX

Ben McCulloch's life reads like a catalog of the nineteenth-century frontier: he followed Davy Crockett to Texas, commanded a cannon at San Jacinto in 1836, scouted behind enemy lines in the Mexican War, and even served as a California gold-rush sheriff. When the Civil War came, he was made a Confederate brigadier general and led troops in Arkansas and Indian Territory, winning at Wilson's Creek. He was killed at the Battle of Pea Ridge in 1862.

Kountze, TX

Braxton Bragg (1817–1876), North Carolina–born and a veteran of the U.S. Army in the Mexican War under Zachary Taylor, became a Confederate general who won renown capturing guns and prisoners at Shiloh in 1862 and in the Southern victory at Chickamauga in 1863. Later a military adviser to President Jefferson Davis, he was captured and paroled after the surrender, then settled in Galveston as chief engineer building the Gulf, Colorado & Santa Fe Railway. When that line reached this area a junction was named Bragg — a railroad and oil-field town of 1901–1934 that is now a ghost site.

Granbury, TX

Erected by the United Daughters of the Confederacy, this monument honors Brigadier General H.B. Granbury and the soldiers who served under him during the Civil War. Granbury, for whom the town is named, was a Texas-born Confederate officer who rose to brigade command before being killed in action in 1864. Monuments like this one, raised by the UDC in the decades after the war, shaped how Southern communities publicly remembered the Confederacy.

Village of Geneseo, NY

James S. Wadsworth was a wealthy Genesee Valley landowner who left behind a comfortable life to serve the Union cause during the Civil War. Rising to brevet major general, he commanded troops at major battles including Gettysburg before being mortally wounded leading his men at the Battle of the Wilderness in May 1864. This statue in his home village of Geneseo honors a man who championed the Union, emancipation, and his beloved valley to the very end.

Longview, TX

John Gregg came to Texas from Alabama in 1854 and rose from district judge to Confederate congressman before raising the 7th Texas Infantry in 1861. Captured at Fort Donelson and later exchanged, he was promoted to brigadier general, fought through the Vicksburg Campaign, and was badly wounded at Chickamauga. Returning to duty in 1864, he led the famed Hood's Texas Brigade in Virginia until he was killed in action near Richmond that October. The marker also recalls his role in the 1861 Secession Convention that carried Texas out of the Union.

Wilkesville, OH

In July 1863, Confederate cavalry general John Hunt Morgan led roughly 2,000 raiders on a daring, unauthorized dash across the Ohio River and deep into the North, the farthest incursion of regular Confederate troops during the Civil War. His column swept through southern Ohio's hill country — including Vinton County — as alarmed militia and Union cavalry gave chase across the countryside. Markers like this one trace the winding route of "Morgan's Raid," which ended days later with his capture near the Pennsylvania line.

Jennings County, IN

This plaque marks the route of Morgan's Raid, the 1863 sweep by Confederate cavalry commander General John Hunt Morgan and his raiders across southern Indiana and Ohio. In July 1863 Morgan's horsemen crossed the Ohio River and rode through counties like Jennings, spreading alarm through the civilian North far from the main theaters of the Civil War. The raid was one of the deepest Confederate incursions into Union territory before Morgan was finally captured in Ohio.

Montell, TX

John R. Baylor arrived in the young Republic of Texas in 1839 and quickly became one of its most restless and controversial frontier figures, serving in the legislature and as a Comanche agent before the Civil War. In 1861 he led Confederate cavalry into the far Southwest, seizing federal posts and proclaiming a Confederate Territory of Arizona with himself as governor—part of a bold, ultimately failed bid to extend the Confederacy to the Pacific. His brutal order regarding the Apaches led to his recall, yet he fought on as a private at Galveston and rose again to brigadier general by war's end.

Hallettsville, TX

John W. Whitfield came to Texas after a career as a Tennessee legislator, Kansas Indian agent, and territorial delegate to Congress, then organized a Lavaca County cavalry company for the Confederacy in 1861. The unit grew into the 27th Texas Cavalry — 'Whitfield's Legion' — fighting at Pea Ridge and charging an artillery battery at Iuka at heavy cost. Promoted to brigadier general in 1863, Whitfield left field command from ill health, and his brigade later won lasting fame under 'Sul' Ross.

Odessa, TX

Matthew D. Ector enlisted in 1861 and rose from lieutenant to brigadier general, commanding the celebrated Ector's Brigade through hard fighting in Tennessee, Mississippi, and Georgia. Wounded four times without leaving the field at Chickamauga and losing a leg at Atlanta in 1864, he later helped defend Mobile. Texas erected this memorial to its Confederate soldiers in 1963.

Detroit, MI

The Grand Army of the Republic was the great fraternal order of Union veterans who had fought to preserve the nation and end slavery, and by the late nineteenth century its local Posts anchored civic life in cities across the North. This Detroit Post carried the name of General Orlando M. Poe, a Michigan-born engineer who served with distinction in the Union Army. The lofty inscription — honoring men who acted 'not for selfish gain or applause, but for honor and the glory of the cause' — captures the reverent, memorializing spirit the GAR brought to the decades after Appomattox.

Waco, TX

Richard Harrison was one of three brothers — great-grand-nephews of President William Henry Harrison — who each rose to the rank of general in the Confederate Army during the Civil War. A physician and statesman before his service, he won his commission in Mississippi in 1865, then moved to Texas in 1866 to join his brothers near Waco. There he practiced medicine, farmed, helped rebuild the shattered postwar economy, and served as a trustee of Waco University, a forebear of Baylor.

Dallas, TX

Richard Montgomery Gano came to Texas as a boy in 1839 and made his name first as a frontier Indian fighter and state legislator before the Civil War. When war came he raised the Grapevine Volunteers, rode with John Hunt Morgan on his celebrated Kentucky raids, and rose to brigadier general commanding a brigade of Texas cavalry in Arkansas and Indian Territory, where his men seized a Union supply train worth $1,500,000 at Cabin Creek. Afterward he turned to the ministry and remained active among Confederate veterans until his death in 1913.

Dallas, TX

J. T. Morehead built this dogtrot cabin near Grapevine in 1854, and in 1857 it passed to R. M. Gano — a doctor, minister, and future Confederate general — whose family lived here through the Civil War before moving on to Dallas. Rooms, a loft, and siding were added over the years, and later owners remodeled it further. In 1974 it was restored and moved to this site to preserve its story.

Reagan, TX

Thomas Harrison was one of three Texas brothers who all rose to the rank of general in the Confederate Army. A veteran of the Mexican War and frontier defense, he took command of Terry's Texas Rangers and rode with the cavalry of Nathan Bedford Forrest, fighting at Shiloh, Murfreesboro, Fort Donelson, Knoxville, and Atlanta while being wounded three times. Elected a district judge after the war, he was removed by Reconstruction authorities and later served as a trustee of Waco University.

Fort Worth, TX

South Carolina-born Thomas Neville Waul practiced law in Mississippi before settling in Texas in 1850. He served in the Provisional Confederate Congress and signed the 1861 Confederate constitution, then raised Waul's Texas Legion and led it in the defense of Vicksburg in 1862–63. In 1864 he commanded a brigade in the Red River Campaign at Mansfield and Jenkins' Ferry before returning to his Texas law practice after the war.

Sulphur Springs, TX

This memorial honors General William H. King, a Georgian who moved to Texas in 1861 and rose to command the 18th Texas Infantry. He led his regiment through the Red River campaigns of 1863 and 1864 that helped keep Union forces from splitting the Confederacy or invading Texas, was wounded at Mansfield and promoted to brigadier general, and later served as the state's adjutant general. The marker doubles as a broader tribute to the roughly 90,000 Texans who fought for the Confederacy.