Civil War

Liberty Hill, TX

Pioneers who reached this stretch of Williamson County in the 1840s founded the town of Hopewell and endured the dangers of frontier life, including Comanche raids — Wofford and Mary Johnson and their daughter were killed nearby in 1863. The cemetery grew up around the earlier grave of Cornelia Johnson and was deeded to a local congregation in 1877. Today the graveyard, holding area pioneers and Civil War veterans, is the only trace left of the Hopewell community.

Brushy Creek, TX

Serving north Anderson County and the Brushy Creek community, this graveyard dates to the 1860s, its earliest documented burial being Zylpha Wylie in 1862. Alongside the marked stones lie at least 74 unmarked graves, many of infants and children, and five Confederate veterans of the Civil War. In 1881 John and Mary Young deeded six acres to trustees of the Church of Christ at Hopewell for $15, and descendants formed an association in 1953 to maintain the historic ground.

Marshall, TX

This state monument honors Horace Randal, a brigadier general in the Confederate army whose service ranged across the western theater of the Civil War. The inscription ties him to the Vicksburg Campaign and to the Louisiana and Arkansas battles of Mansfield, Pleasant Hill, and Jenkins' Ferry during the 1864 Red River fighting. Texas erected the marker in 1962, at the height of the war's centennial commemorations.

Crane, TX

Named for the skulls that once pointed the way to it, Horsehead Crossing was for decades the only safe place for miles where animals could reach the Pecos River without being trapped by its steep banks. Mapped in 1849 by Capt. R. B. Marcy for California-bound gold-seekers, it became a Butterfield Overland Mail stage stop from 1858 to 1861, then a Civil War route for hauling salt and a stage for Union and Confederate spying along the frontier. After the war it carried cattle north on the Goodnight-Loving Trail, mapped in 1866.

Bryan County, GA

This marker explains the hot shot furnace at Fort McAllister, the Confederate earthwork guarding the Ogeechee River approach to Savannah. Gunners heated solid cannonballs red-hot in the oven so that, when fired, they could set the wooden hulls of attacking Union warships ablaze. It was a deadly answer to the ships that repeatedly tested the fort's defenses.

Bastrop, TX

This home was built in 1890 by Robert W. Hubbard, a Confederate veteran remembered for having fought in one of the last engagements of the Civil War. It later passed to a family descendant and was recognized as a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1964. The house stands as a tangible link between the postwar generation and the conflict that shaped their lives.

Lindale, TX

This hilltop once overlooked the East Texas plantation that Richard B. Hubbard and Serena Carter established after arriving from Georgia in 1854, working 720 acres with 44 enslaved people. Their son, Richard Bennett Hubbard—a Harvard-trained lawyer who served in the Confederate army and later as governor of Texas—buried twin daughters here in 1863. Family members and, marked with ironstone, enslaved people lie in this plot, while the governor himself rests in Tyler's Oakwood Cemetery after a career that included service as U.S. Minister to Japan.

Lakeway, TX

Wiley Hudson gave his name to this bend of the Colorado River when he settled his family here in 1854, one of a handful of households scratching out a life among the cedar and live oaks. Neighbors forded the river to grind corn at Anderson mill and to visit hamlets with names like Round Mountain and Nameless, and during the Civil War the Hudson men took up arms for the Confederacy. The old rural world vanished when Mansfield Dam was completed in the 1940s and Lake Travis flooded half the tract, forcing even the cemetery to be moved and turning ranchland into lakeside subdivisions.

Orange, TX

Hugh Ochiltree left North Carolina for Texas in 1840, read law under his prominent cousin, and volunteered for the Mexican War, fighting at the Battle of Monterrey. Settling at Sabine Pass and then at Madison—today's Orange—he built a mercantile and cotton-commission business and championed deep-water ports on the Sabine and Neches rivers. He served as the town's first postmaster, county commissioner, county clerk, and, during the Civil War, provost marshal of Orange.

Stoneham, TX

The family of Jefferson Edmond Hughey settled a 260-acre homestead in this part of Grimes County by 1859. They laid out a family cemetery whose earliest marked grave, that of Hughey's mother-in-law Mary Ann Garmany Boozer, dates to 1876, and built a nearby chapel that doubled as the community schoolhouse. The land stayed in Hughey hands until 1989, and the burial ground—home to Confederate veterans' graves—still marks the region's earliest settlers.

Ozona, TX

Pharis Hurst, born in Pennsylvania, served in the U.S. Army during the Civil War and was discharged after losing an arm in the siege of Vicksburg—one of the war's decisive campaigns. Like many veterans, he came to Texas afterward, making a living as farmer, teacher, and postmaster. He lived in Ozona from 1917 to 1927, his marker recording a life of service and quiet perseverance after a grievous wartime wound.

Chatham County, GA

In the spring of 1862, Union gunners on Tybee Island opened fire on Fort Pulaski, the brick fortress guarding the sea approach to Savannah. Over roughly a day and a half of shelling on April 10–11, newly developed rifled cannon breached walls once thought impregnable, and the Confederate garrison—drawn from Georgia volunteer companies like the Montgomery Guards and the Washington Volunteers—surrendered. This memorial singles out the courage of two of those defenders, Lieutenant Christopher Hussey and Private John Latham, who stood to their duty while shells fell around them.

Galveston, TX

John Henry Hutchings came from North Carolina to Galveston in the 1840s and, with partners John Sealy and George Ball, built the banking and commission house of Ball, Hutchings & Co. On Avenue O he raised one of early Galveston's rare brick homes—complete with a schoolroom—using bricks fired on a Brazoria plantation. During the Civil War the firm ran cotton through Matamoros, Mexico, and Hutchings served the Confederate government; the storm-battered house, later expanded by architect Nicholas Clayton, stayed in the family into the twentieth century.

Hurst, TX

Isaac Duke Parker, son of the noted early Texas politician Isaac Parker, settled near this site with his family in 1853. He served as a Tarrant County commissioner before enlisting in the Confederate army during the Civil War, then took over the family homestead and cemetery around 1867. Near the end of his life he set aside the eastern half of the burial ground — with more than thirty graves — as a public cemetery.

Chatham County, GA

The "Immortal Six Hundred" were a group of roughly six hundred captured Confederate officers held as prisoners of war during the Civil War. In the summer of 1864 they were placed on Morris Island near Charleston, deliberately positioned under fire in retaliation for the treatment of Union captives, and were later confined through the following winter at Fort Pulaski, just downriver from this coastal Georgia site, where many endured bitter cold and severely reduced rations. Their reputation for refusing to abandon their loyalties in exchange for relief gave rise to the proud nickname this monument preserves.

Indianola, TX

Once a great Texas seaport, Indianola saw the sweep of the state's history pass through its wharves: Spanish exploration, La Salle's 1685 landing nearby, German colonists led by Prince Carl of Solms-Braunfels, frontier army supplies, and even the U.S. Army's experimental camels. During the Civil War it and nearby Fort Esperanza were prizes in the Federal blockade, changing hands after fierce fighting in 1863. Twin hurricanes in 1875 and 1886 finally wiped the town from the coast.

Port Lavaca, TX

The graves in this cemetery record the hardships borne by the people of Indianola, one of Texas' great 19th-century ports. The earliest marked burial, a child named William Woodward, dates to the cholera and yellow fever epidemics of 1852, and soldiers of both North and South who occupied the town in the Civil War lie here as well. Victims of the devastating hurricanes of 1875 and 1886 that destroyed Indianola are also interred here.

Austin, TX

New Hampshire–born Ira Hobart Evans rose to major in the Union Army during the Civil War, earned the Medal of Honor, and stood in the honor guard at President Lincoln's funeral in 1865. Sent to Texas and later returning as a Freedmen's Bureau agent, he won election to the state legislature and in 1870 became the youngest and first Republican Speaker of the Texas House. He went on to lead Texas railroad and land ventures and served for nearly a decade as president of the board of Tillotson College, a forerunner of today's Huston-Tillotson University, remodeling this Austin house with architect Alfred Giles.

Charleston, SC

This monument honors the Irish Volunteers, a Charleston militia company drawn from the city's Irish immigrant community, whose members answered the call across half a century of American conflict. The inscription traces their service from the War of 1812 through the Florida War of 1835 — part of the long Seminole conflicts — and on into the Civil War, where the unit's men filled the ranks of Confederate companies including Co. K of the 1st South Carolina Volunteers in the Army of Northern Virginia. It stands as a communal tribute raised by Charleston's Irish to their own dead, the kind of ethnic militia company that gave immigrant newcomers a foothold and a sense of belonging in antebellum American cities.

Llano, TX

Born in Tennessee in 1837 and orphaned of his mother as a boy, Isaac 'Ike' Maxwell followed the westering tide to the Texas Hill Country in 1854, naming his new home Bluffton after the Arkansas town he had left behind. He scouted for frontier units during the Civil War, then served his county as justice of the peace and in the state legislature, where he helped secure the granite that built the Texas Capitol. A Church of Christ minister, he was remembered at his death in 1931 as the oldest living pioneer of Llano County.

Chambersburg, PA · est. 2002

Consecrated in 1844, this Chambersburg burial ground was established by a Jewish Holy Burial Society so that the area's small but growing Jewish community could bury its dead according to Jewish law. It stands as the first Jewish cemetery west of Philadelphia, opened during the wave of mid-19th-century migration that carried Jewish families inland from the coast. Among those interred is Isaac Burgauer, remembered as the only Southern Jewish soldier who fell at Gettysburg to rest in a Northern Jewish cemetery.

Corsicana, TX

Georgia-born James A. Megarity served in the Confederate army through some of the Civil War's hardest fighting, including Gettysburg and Petersburg, and was present at Robert E. Lee's surrender. Having married Narcissa Hardman in 1859, he brought his family to Texas in 1872, rented land for a time, and bought this site in 1876 to build a home. His holdings grew to 187 acres, making him a prosperous farmer and a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South.

Edna, TX

Jackson County voted for secession in 1861 by 147 to 77 and then threw its resources into the Confederate war effort. Its beef and cotton fed the South, while local beds and mines yielded salt, hides, tallow, and lead, and families at home molded bullets and wove clothing for the fighting men. Couriers skirted the blockaded coast toward Brownsville, and a Confederate gunboat chased from Lavaca Bay sank in the Navidad.

Jacksonville, TX

A Kentucky blacksmith, Jackson Smith came to Texas in the 1830s and fought in its War for Independence before scouting for the Republic of Texas. Settling near Gum Creek in the 1840s, he platted the townsite he named Jacksonville; he later served as a Confederate officer, and in 1872 the town was relocated to meet the new railroad.

Woden, TX

When William Jacobs led his family and neighbors from Tennessee to southern Nacogdoches County, arriving on Christmas Day 1836, they brought with them a family burial ground atop a ridge above Carrizo Creek. In 1870 his daughter Paulina deeded the surrounding acres to the trustees of Jacobs Chapel Methodist Episcopal Church for worship, school, and burials; among those resting here are William and his wife Nancy and their son James, whose family lost seven of twelve children in the 1860s to Civil War wounds and typhoid.

Millerstown, PA · est. 1948

James A. Beaver was born in this Perry County town in 1837 and rose to become one of Pennsylvania's most distinguished public men. He won fame as a Civil War officer, later served as governor of the commonwealth, and finished his career on the state's Superior Court bench. He spent his adult years in Bellefonte, where he died in 1914.

Jewett, TX

Ohio-born James Elgin Anderson settled in Leon County in 1857, enlisted in the Confederate army in 1861 with Hood's Texas Brigade, and stood with Robert E. Lee at Appomattox in 1865. Returning home as a captain, he became a distinguished educator and married Julia Evans in 1867. The couple bought this property in 1875 and built a house with outside end chimneys, then remodeled it between 1885 and 1895 in the Victorian fashion, adding a second story and the exuberant Eastlake trim that still graces its porches and rooflines.

Jacksboro, TX

James B. Dosher came to Texas in 1847 and rode with the Texas Rangers on the unsettled northern frontier before farming in Jack County. His life traced the arc of a hard border era, from Ranger companies to service with Confederate and Texas State forces during the Civil War. In 1870 he was scouting for the U.S. Army as a civilian guide when his gallantry at Bluff Creek earned him the Medal of Honor.

Lancaster, PA · est. 1950

James Buchanan — lawyer, diplomat, and the fifteenth President of the United States — is buried in this Lancaster cemetery, about 350 yards to the southeast. He made his home at Wheatland, on Marietta Avenue, before and after occupying the White House from 1857 to 1861. Buchanan led the nation in the tense years just before the Civil War, and his inability to halt the slide toward secession has shaped his reputation ever since.

Lancaster, PA · est. 1951

James Buchanan, the fifteenth President of the United States, made his home in Lancaster and lies buried at Woodward Hill Cemetery just south of here. A seasoned diplomat and lawmaker, Buchanan led the nation during the fraught years of 1857 to 1861, as the quarrel over slavery pushed the Union toward rupture. He left office as Southern states began to secede, handing the crisis to his successor, Abraham Lincoln.

Peters Township, PA · est. 1955

James Buchanan, the fifteenth president, was born in a log cabin near this spot in 1791, in the Cove Gap country of the Pennsylvania frontier. He rose through law and diplomacy to the White House on the eve of the nation's greatest crisis, serving from 1857 to 1861. The humble cabin of his birth was moved more than once and today stands on the campus of Mercersburg Academy.

Walnut Springs, TX

James Buckner "Buck" Barry came to Texas from North Carolina in 1845 and spent his life on its edges — as a soldier in the Mexican War, a fighter in Indian campaigns, and, during the Civil War, commander of Confederate cavalry strung along frontier outposts from the Red River to Fort McKavett. His patrols, camped a day's ride apart, guarded scattered settlers against raids and the threat of Federal incursion from Indian Territory. He later served in the Texas Legislature and left behind personal records of those frontier-defense years.

Muldoon, TX

James Carrel Bell, born in 1820, was a young soldier in the Texas war for independence who entered Bexar in December 1835 under Captain John York. He later served in Company D of the Eighth Texas Infantry Regiment, C.S.A., during the Civil War. This state-erected marker honors him and his wife Eliza Baker Bell, tying one man's life to both the founding of Texas and its Confederate service.

Corpus Christi, TX

English-born and Boston-raised, James Downing enlisted in the Massachusetts heavy artillery in 1862, survived combat at Petersburg, and escaped while being taken to the notorious Andersonville prison, making his way back to rejoin his regiment. After the war he was commissioned an officer in the 36th U.S. Colored Troops and posted to Corpus Christi, where he married into the local von Blücher family and built a long civic career—brickyard owner, voter registrar, fire chief, alderman, and city marshal. He died in Corpus Christi in 1891.

Crockett, TX

Born in 1845 to Houston County pioneers, James Elbert Downes came of age in time to serve in the Civil War and remained active in the local Confederate veterans association for the rest of his life. A prominent business and civic leader devoted to the Methodist Church, he built a family home on 7th Street that still stands as a local landmark.

Cuero, TX

James F. Blair's life traced the arc of frontier Texas through its wars and lawlessness. Born in Tennessee, he fought in the Mexican War and then rose from the Confederate ranks to captain a company of the 36th Texas Cavalry, before turning to keeping the peace as a Texas Ranger and, in 1866, as the governor-appointed sheriff of DeWitt County. That county would soon become notorious for the Sutton-Taylor feud, and Blair belonged to the generation of veterans-turned-lawmen who tried to hold order on a violent frontier.

Robert Lee, TX

Born in Kentucky in 1844, James Franklin Byrd came west and enlisted in the Confederate cavalry at Gonzales in 1862, riding through hard-fought engagements at Holly Springs, Harrisburg, and Fort Pillow. Captured and held as a prisoner of war on Mississippi's Ship Island, he talked his way free by volunteering to load a boat and slipping in among prisoners bound for exchange. He came home to Texas, married, and settled for good near Hayrick Mountain in the Coke County ranch country.

El Paso, TX

Born in Virginia in 1847, James Harrison White served with the Confederacy before coming to El Paso around 1869, then spent the following decades in an extraordinary run of frontier service — in the Mexican and U.S. armies and as a U.S. Marshal at Las Cruces. As sheriff, tax collector, police chief, and railway official, he helped steer El Paso through its transformation from a rough border settlement into a modern city before his death in 1907. His life traced the closing of one frontier era and the rise of the Southwestern metropolis that followed.

Marshall, TX

Connecticut-born physician James Harper Starr came to Texas in 1837 and served the Republic as Secretary of the Treasury and army surgeon. During the Civil War he took on the daunting job of Postmaster General for the Confederacy's western states after federal control of the Mississippi split the South in two—improvising mail routes by pony express, wagon, blockade-runner, and courier to keep soldiers and families connected across enemy lines. After the war he examined East Texas oil showings and founded Marshall's first bank.

Abilene, TX

James Harrison Parramore came west after the Civil War with a Confederate record behind him and cattle on his mind. From a hundred rented acres near Gonzales he built, with his brother-in-law Hugh Lewis and partner C. W. Merchant, the San Simon Cattle and Canal Company — stocking vast Arizona and New Mexico ranges with Texas longhorns for two decades. Settling his large family in Abilene in 1881, he became a fixture of the cattle business and a benefactor of Simmons College, and the grand French Second Empire home he built survived until 1960.

Granbury, TX

James Hogan Doyle, born in South Carolina in 1846, served the Confederacy in the Civil War before making his way to Texas around 1870. Settling in Granbury, he became a prominent merchant, banker, and civic leader who served several terms as Hood County treasurer. He and his wife, Mary Kate Stringfellow, built their home on this site about 1880 and raised three children there; the property stayed in the family until 1939.

Flemingsburg, KY

James J. Andrews lived here from 1859 to 1862 before undertaking one of the Civil War's most daring exploits. Leading a small party of Union soldiers deep into Georgia, he seized the locomotive "The General" and tried to wreck the railroad between Marietta and Chattanooga in what became known as the Great Locomotive Chase. The raid ended in a dramatic pursuit and the raiders' capture, and Andrews paid for it with his life.

Dallas, TX

Trained as a lawyer in Tennessee, J. K. P. Record became Dallas's district attorney in 1860 before leaving office to serve in the Confederate Army. Returning after the Civil War, he won election as a state senator and sat as a delegate to the Texas Constitutional Convention of 1866, one of the fraught gatherings that tried to reshape the defeated South. He later practiced law in Dallas and was active in the Masons and Odd Fellows.

Galveston, TX

A veteran of the War of 1812, lawyer James Love came to Texas in 1837 and helped found the city of Galveston, becoming a political ally of Mirabeau B. Lamar. He served as a delegate to the 1845 convention that approved annexation to the United States and held several judicial posts. Though in his sixties, he enlisted in Terry's Texas Rangers during the Civil War and later became the first judge of the Harris and Galveston County Criminal Court.

Beulaville, NC

James M. Sprunt (1818–1884) was a man of many callings in nineteenth-century Duplin County — educator, botanist, Presbyterian minister, county official, and a chaplain in Confederate service during the Civil War. His wide-ranging life reflected the era's ideal of the learned minister who served both church and community. His grave lies about four miles west of this Beulaville marker.

Bryson, TX

Tennessee-born James Madison McCloud fought with an Alabama cavalry unit in the Civil War before bringing his family to Texas in 1881 and settling near Bryson. There he founded a church at Cottonwood Springs and began a remarkable fifty-three-year career as a Methodist circuit rider across northern Texas and southern Oklahoma. A farmer as well as a preacher, he ministered to scattered frontier congregations until his death in 1934.

Johnson City, TX

Georgia-born and raised in DeWitt County, James Polk Johnson served in the Confederate army before joining his uncles in the Blanco County cattle business, which he bought and made his own by 1871. In 1879 he founded a new town on the Pedernales River — Johnson City — and worked to develop it, though his ambition to make it the county seat was not realized until 1891, six years after his death.

Lampasas, TX

James S. Gillett's life traced the martial history of nineteenth-century Texas: a Kentucky-born frontier fighter who earned a major's rank in the Mexican War, sat in the early Texas Legislature, served as Adjutant General, rode again with the Texas Rangers, and finally soldiered for the Confederacy. His son James B. Gillett would carry the family name into Ranger legend. The marker gathers a career that touched nearly every armed chapter of the state's formative decades.

Sulphur Springs, TX

James Selen Stout came of age on the raw northeastern Texas frontier and, still a teenager, rode three months in the Republic of Texas cavalry in 1836 — service that earned him a 320-acre land grant. As a scout and explorer he helped draw settlers into the region, and decades later took up arms again for the Confederacy during the Civil War. He and his wife Elvira raised eleven children on land his family helped open.

Honey Grove, TX

James Thomas "Tank" Holt came to Fannin County as a boy in 1849 and, after riding with the Confederate cavalry in the Civil War, turned a freighting business into a diversified fortune. He invested in ranching, a cotton oil mill, and a national bank, and even built Honey Grove's first public water system. His career traces the arc of a frontier veteran becoming a pillar of a growing Gilded Age Texas town.

McKinney, TX

Built about 1868 by civic leader James Waller Thomas for his family of thirteen, this modest Collin County house began as a single room and has changed little since 1902, preserving original flooring, chimney, and rough-hewn timbers from before rail service reached North Texas. Thomas also edited and published the county's first newspaper, and his outspoken support for the Union and for the rights of Black settlers made him enemies — the site witnessed an attempt on his life during the turbulent Civil War and Reconstruction years.

Bigfoot, TX

James Washington Winters fought at San Jacinto in the 1836 revolution that won Texas independence and later joined the Somervell Expedition. A loyal follower of Sam Houston, he refused to sign the oath of allegiance to the Confederacy at Oakville on July 4, 1861, yet served as a captain, provost marshal, and scout in the militia patrolling the country between the Nueces and Rio Grande. He spent eight years in Tuxpan, Mexico, and raised a large family with his wives Piercy Tullos and Elizabeth Wier.

Edgewood, PA · est. 1959

Jane Grey Swisshelm (1815–1884) lived and died at the homestead on this site, but her influence reached far beyond it. A fearless newspaper editor, she championed the abolition of slavery, women's rights, and temperance, and served as a nurse during the Civil War. She also chronicled her turbulent age in the memoir "Half a Century," writing at a time when few women held a public voice in American journalism.

Jasper, TX

Far from the great battlefields, Jasper County was a vital rear-area hub for Confederate Texas — voting overwhelmingly for secession and serving as a communication, supply, and transportation center during the war. Texas troops crossed it on the 1862-64 Louisiana campaigns, a mounted courier route ran through it, and it hosted a quartermaster depot and brigade headquarters of the Texas State Troops. When the war ended, Union occupation forces under George Custer bivouacked on the town square.

Fort Davis, TX

Carved from Presidio County and organized in 1887, this West Texas county was named in honor of Jefferson Davis, president of the Confederate States. The town of Fort Davis, which had served as Presidio County's seat, became the new county's seat. The marker records the administrative birth of a mountainous, sparsely settled corner of the Trans-Pecos.

Jefferson, TX

Long home to the Caddo Indians, this corner of Texas drew Anglo-American colonists in the early 1800s, and Jefferson was founded in 1839 on a curious double grid — one aligned to the compass, another angled to Big Cypress Bayou. As a bustling inland port on the Red River system it welcomed riverboats daily and served as a major Confederate supply center during the Civil War. A cleared logjam in 1873 lowered the water, killed the port, and sent the town into a long decline that tourism later reversed.

Jefferson, TX

Founded in 1836 and named for Thomas Jefferson, this East Texas town rode the steamboat trade up the Big Cypress Bayou to become the state's chief river port between 1846 and 1870. During the Civil War its wharves and workshops turned to the Confederate cause, running a quartermaster depot that produced boots, shoes, ironwork, and preserved meats for the army. When the river traffic faded, the antebellum mansions remained, and a 1939 oil strike nearby added a new chapter.

Jefferson, TX

During the Civil War, the prosperous river port of Jefferson became a vital engine of the Confederate war effort in East Texas. A major quartermaster depot established here in 1862 supplied clothing and camp equipment, a Cotton Bureau station bought up the cotton that funded the cause, and county iron works cast plows, kettles, and cannon balls. Cattle and sheep were driven here for slaughter and shipment, and a boot factory helped outfit the army, while troops leaving Texas embarked from the town.

Beaumont, TX

Justice in Jefferson County has been dispensed on this Beaumont site since 1838, when a simple jailhouse rose on land acquired from pioneer settler Nancy Tevis just two years after the county was organized. A succession of buildings followed — an 1854 courthouse that doubled as a church and, during the Civil War, a Confederate hospital, then an 1893 brick structure. The great Spindletop-era oil boom finally outgrew them all, and in 1931 the fourteen-story Art Deco courthouse that stands today replaced them.

Houston, TX

Completed in 1924 and run jointly by the City of Houston and Harris County, this Neoclassical hospital rose atop the 1840 Houston City Cemetery—its basement built above ground because the graves were never removed. At the request of Confederate veterans and their families, it was named for the former Confederate president in honor of the many veterans buried beneath it. Serving indigent patients for just thirteen years, the building later housed a psychiatric ward, a juvenile detention unit, and, since 2005, residential lofts.