African American History

Jacksonville, TX

Not long after the town of Jacksonville took shape, a group of formerly enslaved people led by the Rev. T.B. Johnson organized Sweet Union Baptist Church in 1887. They first met in a schoolhouse, raised their own building in 1894, and soon relocated to this site. Over the generations the congregation reached well beyond Sunday worship, running educational programs and scholarships, aiding the needy, and opening its doors for meetings on the community's social, economic and political concerns.

Harrisburg, PA · est. 1986

Born in Harrisburg in 1834, T. Morris Chester lived a life that ranged across three continents. He taught in Liberia, recruited Black soldiers for the Union, and reported from the front as one of the only African American war correspondents of the Civil War. Afterward he raised aid for the freedpeople in Europe, was admitted to the English bar, and held prominent offices in Reconstruction-era Louisiana before returning home to die in 1892.

Columbus, TX

Physician and civil engineer Charles William Tait came from Alabama in 1844 and opened the 6,000-acre Sylvania Plantation, growing cotton, corn, and cane and firing brick and lime. Enslaved workers hewed the logs and fired the brick that built the plantation headquarters compound in 1847. A grandson relocated and restored the double log barn and slave cabin here in 1969–70.

Del Rio, TX

Del Rio organized a school for African American students as early as 1901, and in 1929–30 the district built a one-room stucco schoolhouse on Ware Street. Chronically underfunded, it made do with books and equipment discarded from white schools, teaching a handful of students per grade under a tiny faculty. Later renamed for principal W. H. Tarver, the school closed in 1957 as segregation ended.

Jefferson, TX

Ward Taylor Sr. and Nancy Mathews Taylor came from Alabama to Marion County in 1845, joined by relatives who helped settle the area. The first burial, in May 1860, was four-month-old Emmett Taylor, though family history says the ground was already in use, and legend holds that several enslaved people were buried just outside the fence to the north. The land passed down through the Taylor family, and a cemetery association formed in 1961 to care for its marked and unmarked graves.

Oak Point, TX

Samuel and Martha Taylor and their grown sons were among the first to settle the area known as Sand Town, arriving from North Carolina in 1859 with three enslaved people—Kijeah, Matilda, and James—and friends the Lunn family. The Taylors prospered raising crops and livestock, and folklore still recalls the "race mare" that son Moses sold to the outlaw Sam Bass. Not every grave is marked, but the surviving stones chronicle the pioneers who opened the Little Elm area to settlement.

Rosenberg, TX

Born in Indiana in 1863, Taylor Ray left home at thirteen and came to Rosenberg in 1894 as a Wells Fargo railroad freight agent, staying the rest of his life. He helped establish the school district in 1898 and led the school board for decades, raising funds for its first schoolhouse and teacher. Notably concerned with education 'for all,' Ray started a school for Black children and championed the inclusion of women on the board, while also serving as alderman and mayor.

El Paso, TX

Built under the New Deal's Housing Act of 1937, Tays Place opened in 1941 as one of El Paso's first public housing projects, bringing modern, comfortable apartments to the city's crowded south side. Like much of the era's housing it was segregated — a separate section south of the Franklin Canal held units for African American families, near the city's only Black school. It remains the oldest surviving public housing in El Paso.

Hopkinsville, KY

Born in Hopkinsville on the Fourth of July, 1906, Theodore Roosevelt "Ted" Poston became one of the most important African American journalists of the 20th century. After graduating from Attucks High School and Tennessee A&I, he joined the New York Post full-time in the 1930s and covered the major civil rights stories of his era, earning a Pulitzer nomination in 1949 and the George Polk Award. Known as the "Dean of Black Journalists," he later gathered his Kentucky boyhood into the short-story collection The Dark Side of Hopkinsville.

Pittsburgh, PA

This was the home of Charles "Teenie" Harris, who from the 1930s into the 1970s photographed the everyday life of Pittsburgh's Black community for the Pittsburgh Courier, one of the nation's most influential Black newspapers. Across roughly four decades he made tens of thousands of images — of churches, ballplayers, jazz musicians, weddings, and ordinary neighbors. His lens preserved a world that few other photographers thought to record.

Burkburnett, TX

Cowboys and settlers renamed this stream when they found, near where it meets the Red River, the ruins of a military post held by the U.S. Tenth Cavalry from 1873 to 1875. Its Black troopers and white officers — Buffalo Soldiers, many of them Civil War veterans who had also served at Fort Sill — guarded the frontier during the Indian Wars. Legend holds that after an Indian attack on the timber outpost, the men and horses lost in the fighting were buried together in a single grave somewhere along the creek.

Dallas, TX

The Tenth Street District grew from the enslaved people first brought to Oak Cliff in the 1840s into a thriving African American enclave after the Civil War. By 1900 hundreds of Black residents lived here, building a segregated commercial district, churches, and schools that nurtured talents the marker credits, including blues artist T-Bone Walker and Olympian Rafer Johnson. Highway construction in the 1950s and integration reshaped the neighborhood, yet its historic homes remain among the best-preserved of their kind in Dallas.

Fort Worth, TX

Platted in the late 1880s and knit together by early streetcar lines, Terrell Heights became one of Fort Worth's premier African American neighborhoods. Banker William Madison "Gooseneck Bill" McDonald bought lots here and financed homes for Black families—doctors, dentists, educators, ministers, and laborers among them. Residents like NAACP leader Dr. George D. Flemmings and businesswoman Lucille Smith made the neighborhood a center of Black civic and professional life through the desegregation era.

Kendleton, TX

For decades, whites-only "straw primaries" like those run by Fort Bend County's Jay Bird Democratic Association quietly stripped African Americans of any real political voice across the South. In 1950 local farmers and businesspeople, led by figures such as Willie Melton and Arizona Fleming, sued, lending John Terry's name to a class action against A. J. Adams and the Jay Birds. The fight reached the U.S. Supreme Court, which in 1953's Terry v. Adams struck down the scheme as an unconstitutional evasion of voting rights.

Jacksonville, TX

In 1863 the Chapel Hill Manufacturing Co. built an ironworks on this site to make farm and kitchen tools the Confederacy badly needed, smelting native East Texas iron ore with Cherokee limestone and charcoal from nearby hardwoods. A crew that included 100 enslaved workers from Louisiana fed ore down the hillside into the furnaces, where molten iron was cast into molds. By the 1880s at least sixteen ironworks operated across East Texas.

Sugar Land, TX

The land here began as a 5,235-acre sugar plantation worked by leased convict labor starting in 1878, when Texas ran a self-sustaining prison system funded by renting prisoners to private operators like Cunningham and Ellis. Despite brutal camp conditions, the leasing program persisted into the 1910s; the state bought the plantation in 1908 and renamed it Imperial State Prison Farm. Reforms of the late 1920s ended leasing and improved conditions, and in 1932 the Art Moderne main building rose here—poured reinforced concrete with a pyramidal-roofed tower—as the first modernized structure in the Texas prison system.

Austin, TX

The Texas Legislature founded the Texas Deaf and Dumb Asylum in 1856, and the school opened in 1857 — with no students on the first day, but eleven by summer, taught under a demanding regime of work and self-sufficiency. Emily Lewis, whose memoir records those early years, served the school across four decades until her 1914 retirement, through a turbulent succession of superintendents including the frontier figure John Salmon 'Rip' Ford. A separate school for non-white deaf students was created in 1887 and remained segregated until integration in 1965.

Lancaster, PA · est. 1950

Thaddeus Stevens made Lancaster his home from 1842 until his death in 1868 and lies buried in this cemetery, which he chose because it admitted people of all races. As a congressman he was among the fiercest advocates for abolition, equal rights, and free public schooling, insisting on the "equality of man before his Creator." His epitaph, which he wrote himself, made his lifelong convictions his final statement.

Gettysburg, PA · est. 1954

Before he became one of the most powerful and uncompromising figures in Congress, Thaddeus Stevens lived in Gettysburg, leaving in 1842. Here he built his early career as a lawyer and ironmaster while championing two causes that defined him: the abolition of slavery and the defense of free public schools in Pennsylvania, which he famously fought to preserve in 1835. From these Adams County beginnings he rose to lead the Radical Republicans and shape Reconstruction after the Civil War.

Henderson, TX

On August 5, 1860, fire consumed the entire business district of Henderson, one of Texas's most prosperous towns. That summer, blazes across the state stoked a panic that abolitionists and enslaved people were burning Texas towns, and Henderson's fire fed the flames of secessionist fury. A committee of fifty-two citizens hanged Green Herndon and an enslaved woman for setting it, though evidence was never established. Secessionist Louis T. Wigfall seized on the disaster, and Texas delegates later listed the burning of Henderson first among the events leading to secession.

New York, NY

Unveiled at United Nations headquarters in 2015, The Ark of Return is the permanent memorial to the victims of slavery and the transatlantic slave trade — the forced passage of roughly fifteen million African men, women, and children across four centuries. Designed by architect Rodney Leon, its marble form evokes a vessel and the Middle Passage, turning a place of world diplomacy into a space of remembrance. Its three-part charge — acknowledge the tragedy, consider the legacy, and remember — asks visitors to reckon with a crime whose consequences still echo through the Americas.

Upper Dublin Township, PA · est. 2014

On a farm beside the Upper Dublin Friends Meeting, Quaker abolitionists Thomas and Hannah Atkinson and their neighbors ran a station on the Underground Railroad, sheltering freedom-seekers—some of whom now rest in the meetinghouse cemetery. The family's antislavery conviction was matched by a gift for enterprise: son Wilmer Atkinson founded the influential Farm Journal in 1877. Circulated nationally, the magazine became a trusted source of practical knowledge and advocacy for American farm families.

Decatur, GA

For decades the Beacon neighborhood was the heart of Decatur's African-American life — a tight-knit community of homes, churches, schools, and Black-owned businesses clustered along Atlanta Avenue. Its schools served the community until the Decatur system integrated in 1967, and the neighborhood was leveled by urban renewal in the mid-1960s, leaving only a handful of buildings and one surviving business.

Washington, DC

Towering nearly twenty feet over Martin Luther King Jr. Avenue, the Big Chair has anchored the heart of Anacostia since the late 1950s, when the Curtis Brothers furniture company commissioned it as a giant advertisement and neighborhood curiosity. Once billed as the world's largest chair, it became a beloved meeting spot and an unofficial symbol of the Southeast Washington community. The 2006 re-dedication marked the chair's restoration and its enduring place in local identity long after the furniture store had closed.

Lake Jackson, TX

Chartered in 1841, the Brazos Canal Company grew out of planters' hunger to link their inland Brazos-bottom plantations to Gulf shipping. Construction began in 1847 on a channel dug by enslaved people — known locally by the grim name "slave ditch" — but after two years of labor only a single mile was finished, and the project was abandoned in favor of a rival company's canal completed in 1856.

Albany, GA

At a crossing of the Flint River where an early ferry once ran, Albany founder Col. Nelson Tift built a toll bridge in 1857, its span raised by Horace of Columbus, a freed Black bridge-builder of wide renown. Tift's adjoining 'Bridge House' held the bridge keeper's quarters and Tift's own office below, and above them 'Tift's Hall,' a lavishly decorated theatre that drew touring actors and hosted the town's grand balls. During the Civil War its cellars were turned into packing houses, curing meat for the Confederate Navy.

Sierra Blanca, TX

For centuries these natural hot springs drew people seeking their curative waters, including generations of nomadic Indian peoples. After the Civil War the U.S. Army raised regiments of Black soldiers, and troopers of the 10th Cavalry, called buffalo soldiers by their adversaries, patrolled and mapped this rugged West Texas country. At dawn on October 28, 1880, companies pursuing Mescalero Apaches were attacked on a nearby ridge; at least five soldiers were killed and buried where they fell, their graves later relocated to this vicinity.

Darien, GA

On June 11, 1863, Federal troops from nearby St. Simons Island burned the largely deserted seaport of Darien, destroying churches, businesses, and nearly every home while most of its 500 residents had fled inland. The raiders included the 54th Massachusetts Volunteers under Colonel Robert Gould Shaw—among the first African American regiments to serve the Union—and the 2nd South Carolina under James Montgomery. The needless torching of an undefended town became one of the war's most controversial acts.

San Marcos, TX

Built in 1873 as Hays County's first jail, this sturdy little brick lockup earned the folk name "Calaboose," from the Spanish calabozo. Its history traces the arc of segregation in Central Texas: an annex for Black prisoners, then a neighborhood recreation center, and during World War II a U.S.O. hospitality center for Black servicemen barred from whites-only facilities. In later years it returned to community use.

Sadsbury Township, PA · est. 1998

In September 1851, the new Fugitive Slave Act collided with a determined free Black community in the Lancaster County countryside. When a Maryland slaveholder came to seize men who had escaped bondage, neighbors rallied to the home of William Parker, and in the violence that followed the slaveholder was killed. The resulting treason trials drew national attention and hardened opinion on both sides of the slavery question.

Tuscola, TX

When President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Congress created the Civilian Conservation Corps in 1933 to put jobless men and World War I veterans to work, Abilene donated land for a new state park near Lake Abilene. Company No. 1823, made up entirely of World War I veterans, built a stone refectory, roads, picnic areas, and a swimming pool from native sandstone, dedicating the park in May 1934. In 1935 a reactivated Company No. 1823 of African American veterans returned to add culverts, a water tower, and stonework before moving on to Kerrville, leaving craftsmanship still visible in the park today.

Canyon, TX

When Texas acquired 15,000 acres for Palo Duro Canyon State Park, the New Deal's Civilian Conservation Corps supplied the labor to make it usable. Beginning in July 1933, companies of World War I veterans, later joined by segregated African American enrollees and youth workers, carved the road from the canyon rim to its floor and built sandstone lodges, cabins, bridges, culverts, and trails. By December 1937 the project stood as one of the few to employ all three CCC groups—veterans, African Americans, and juveniles.

Tolar, TX

The people of "The Colony" first came to Hood County in the 1850s enslaved by white Southern settlers, and after emancipation many claimed land of their own under a Texas homestead law. Their community grew quickly late in the nineteenth century around the Mt. Zion church-and-school and celebrations like Juneteenth, and its residents helped clear the courthouse grounds and lay the masonry of the Granbury square. Though the last families left by the 1940s, many descendants still return to be buried here.

Yellow Springs, OH

In the second year of the Civil War, as the future of slavery hung in the balance, the abolitionist minister Moncure Conway did something few Southern-born sons of slaveholding families ever attempted: he arranged for the people his family held in bondage in Virginia to travel north to freedom. Their destination was the countryside near Yellow Springs, Ohio, a corner of the state already known for its reform-minded, antislavery convictions. Guided by Dunmore and Eliza Gwinn, the group made a long and dangerous overland journey to build new lives as free people while the war still raged around them.

Oldham County, KY

The Westport courthouse, where Oldham County's first court sat in 1828, was as much an instrument of slavery as of ordinary justice, ruling on the sales, hire-outs, and escapes of enslaved people alongside its other business. One case charged Justice of the Peace William Gatewood with illegally hiring out Mahala, whose daughter Malinda was the wife of Henry Bibb—the man Gatewood enslaved. Bibb escaped, became a celebrated abolitionist, and founded a colony in Canada for fugitive slaves; the court itself moved to LaGrange in 1838.

Brooklyn Township, PA · est. 2015

In 1793, Prince Perkins, a free African American veteran of the Revolutionary War, came from Connecticut to settle this land in the hills of northeastern Pennsylvania, and his descendants have held it for more than two centuries. His granddaughter Angeline Perkins Dennis and her husband Henry expanded the farm, sustaining a rare, lasting Black landholding in an integrated rural community. The property offers a window into free African American settlement and the strong antislavery currents that ran through this corner of Pennsylvania.

Philadelphia, PA · est. 2017

First formed in 1928, the Dixie Hummingbirds became one of the most influential African American gospel groups in the country, their tight harmonies and dynamic delivery echoing through the work of artists like James Brown, Stevie Wonder, and the Temptations. Their recording of Paul Simon's "Loves Me Like a Rock" won a Grammy in 1974, and the group received a National Endowment for the Arts National Heritage Fellowship in 2000. Founder James B. Davis lived in this Philadelphia home, which doubled as the group's headquarters.

Philadelphia, PA · est. 1992

The Dunbar Theatre was built by Black bankers in Philadelphia and became home to the Lafayette Players, a celebrated troupe of Black vaudeville and dramatic performers. Later sold to white owners and renamed the Lincoln, it continued to host major Black entertainers from the 1920s into the 1940s. It stood as a cornerstone of African American cultural life during the era of the Harlem Renaissance and the Great Migration.

Philadelphia, PA · est. 2024

Ona Judge was brought to Philadelphia as an enslaved servant of Martha Washington while the city served as the young nation's capital. In May 1796 she slipped away from the President's House and made her way to New Hampshire, aided by Philadelphia's free Black community. Even the president's efforts to reclaim her failed, as federal officials declined to enforce the Fugitive Slave Act on his behalf, and Judge lived out her life in freedom.

Kerrville, TX

For seven decades this Kerrville institution anchored the town's African American community, born in the 1920s when Jim Crow shut Black Texans out of most public life. Under owners like Henry Kelley and later Edward and Cordellia Bratcher it grew from a café and grocery into a celebrated dance hall on the Chitlin' Circuit, the network of venues that gave Black performers a stage when mainstream clubs would not. It hosted Emancipation Day dances and touring jazz, R&B, and early rock acts, and patrons remembered it as the first Kerrville business to welcome everyone.

Reno, NV

On July 4, 1910, Reno hosted the heavyweight championship billed as "The Fight of the Century," pitting the reigning African American champion Jack Johnson against former titleholder Jim Jeffries, who had been promoted as "The Great White Hope." Organized by promoter Tex Rickard, the bout drew over 30,000 fans to a purpose-built arena, and Johnson dominated so thoroughly that Jeffries' corner stopped the fight in the fifteenth round. Johnson's victory over the racially charged challenge made headlines — and sparked unrest — around the world.

Frankfort, KY

Established in 1871 on land known as Coleman's Spring lot, the Frankfort Barracks housed U.S. Army infantry — first the 4th and later the 16th Regiments — with barracks, a guardhouse, and two hospitals. Its purpose was to maintain a military presence and protect African Americans in the area during the volatile years of Reconstruction. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.

Houston, TX

The "Creoles of Color" — a distinct people of French, Spanish, African, and Native American heritage — emerged in Louisiana before losing their free status under Jim Crow. Fleeing the devastating 1927 Mississippi River flood, many migrated west to Houston for work in oil, construction, and railroads, building the tight-knit enclave of Frenchtown. There they sustained their Catholic faith, French language, la-la gatherings, and the zydeco music that became their signature.

Detroit, MI

Joe Louis, the "Brown Bomber," grew up in Detroit's Black Bottom neighborhood after his family joined the Great Migration north, and it was in this city that he rose from amateur boxing to become world heavyweight champion in 1937. His 1938 rematch against Germany's Max Schmeling — whom Nazi propaganda had cast as a symbol of Aryan supremacy — became one of the most charged sporting events in American history; Louis knocked him out in the first round, a victory heard by millions on the radio. For a Black man to carry the hopes of the whole nation in that moment was itself a milestone in a still-segregated America.

Longview, TX

The Grove was a natural stand of timber within the young railroad town of Longview, where local freedmen are said to have gathered for worship as early as the 1860s. In 1871 the one-acre tract was sold to the town's African American population, and for generations it remained a cherished community gathering place. A 1930s bid to drill it for oil collapsed over a tangled land title, and the city later turned the ground into a park, today called Magrill Plaza.

Arlington, TX

"The Hill" was the only part of Arlington set aside for its African American residents, emerging in the 1890s on former Thomas family land and taking shape after Edward F. Wilkerson subdivided his addition in 1907. Churches like Mt. Olive Baptist and Armstrong Chapel AME anchored spiritual and social life, while grocery stores, clubs, restaurants, and a county school for Black children built a vibrant community. The last segregated school, named for Booker T. Washington and built in 1953, closed with integration in the 1960s, and the nearby park was named for principal George Stevens.

Jefferson, TX

Built in 1851 with slave labor, square nails, and broadax-hewn boards, The Homestead stood at the center of social life in the booming river-port town of Jefferson. Its handcrafted construction reflects the wealth flowing through antebellum East Texas.

Huntsville, TX

In 1867 yellow fever swept into Huntsville aboard a stagecoach passenger who arrived sick and died at a local tavern that August. Within weeks the dreaded disease — carried inland from the great port of Galveston — killed roughly a tenth of the town's 1,500 residents before it burned out in October. Many fled, but many stayed to nurse the sick, including African-American residents thought less susceptible and relief nurses sent by Galveston's Howard Association, and their graves still fill Oakwood Cemetery.

Columbia, SC

In September 1963, Robert Anderson, Henrie Monteith, and James Solomon walked through the doors of the University of South Carolina and desegregated it, nearly a century after the school had last admitted Black students during Reconstruction. Three among six thousand, they came simply to learn — to study mathematics, debate, and sing — and in doing so broke the color line at one of the South's oldest public universities. This monument, 'The Irresistible Ones,' honors the quiet courage of their arrival.

Columbus, TX

Built in 1898, the Isgrig House is a late Victorian showpiece with art-glass windows, shingled gables, ornate gingerbread trim, and twelve-foot ceilings. Owner John H. Luck hand-picked its clear lumber and was assisted in the construction by Jeff Tanner, a highly respected Black builder working out of a local lumber yard. B. F. Isgrig purchased the home in 1916, and his descendants have occupied and carefully preserved it ever since, earning it recognition as a Recorded Texas Historical Landmark in 1973.

Texarkana, TX

Opened in 1930 by Mississippi-born Dr. Garling Urih Jamison, this brick building was Texarkana's first office building for Black businesses and professionals. Designed by a local architectural firm with a distinctive decorative use of brick, it quickly became a center of economic, cultural, and social life for the city's Black community. It has remained an important local landmark ever since.

Austin, TX

Born into slavery in Tennessee around 1839, Jeremiah Hamilton rose to become one of nine Black members of the 12th Texas Legislature during Reconstruction, from 1869 to 1871. In 1871 he bought this lot on Waller Creek and began an oddly shaped stone building to house his grocery. A decade later it passed to the Italian-born entrepreneur Michael Paggi, whose ventures included the novel manufacture of ice.

Richmond, TX

This finely detailed cypress-and-pine home was built around 1880 by J. H. Davis, whose family carried a dramatic Texas legacy: his father had survived the deadly "black bean" lottery drawn by Texan prisoners in the 1842 conflict with Mexico. Davis himself became a leader of the "Jaybird" faction in Fort Bend County's Jaybird-Woodpecker War of the 1880s, a bitter and bloody struggle over local political power in the years after Reconstruction, during which he acted to prevent lynchings. The house later became a gift to a hospital named for his mother-in-law.

Philadelphia, PA · est. 1995

Built in 1768 for John Johnson, this stone house in Germantown sheltered three generations of a Quaker family who devoted themselves to abolishing slavery and aiding freed African Americans. By the 1850s it served as a station on the Underground Railroad, where freedom seekers found refuge in the house and its outbuildings as they made their way north. It stands today as a rare surviving Underground Railroad site with a documented Quaker antislavery legacy.

Rockdale, TX

In 1947, local families bought a surplus World War II Quonset hut and moved it to Rockdale to become the town's second movie theater, wrapping its half-cylinder of corrugated steel in a streamline moderne facade of neon and glass block. High school students helped build the sloping floor, and its box fans made it one of the few air-conditioned spots in town. Like other Southern theaters of its day, it seated African American patrons separately in an upstairs balcony; the Kay closed in 1962 and was later restored.

Houston, TX

In 1872, just seven years after emancipation, a group of formerly enslaved Houstonians pooled their money to buy this ten-acre tract for $800 — a place of their own to celebrate Juneteenth and build community. Led by ministers Jack Yates, Elias Dibble, and Richard Brock and civic leader Richard Allen, and organized through the churches and the Colored People's Festival Association, they created what for decades was the only park open to the city's Black residents. It hosted everything from fairs and concerts to classes and community meetings, a hub of Black public life.

Philadelphia, PA · est. 2003

Built in 1865 as a mansion for wealthy Philadelphia businessmen and their families, this North Broad Street building later served as a Moose Lodge headquarters from 1912. By the 1960s the Blue Horizon had become a hub of African American community life and a boxing venue of worldwide renown, its intimate, roaring hall drawing fighters and fans from far beyond the city.

Philadelphia, PA · est. 2009

In 1855, an enslaved woman named Jane Johnson and her two sons seized their freedom as their owner brought them through Philadelphia, aided by abolitionists William Still and Passmore Williamson and the Underground Railroad network. Williamson's refusal to produce them landed him in jail, and the resulting trial became a national sensation. The family eventually settled in Boston, free.

East Fallowfield Township, PA · est. 2006

On August 13, 1911, Zachariah Walker, a Black steelworker accused of killing a white security guard, was seized from a hospital bed and burned to death by a mob near this spot. Fifteen local men and boys were indicted for the crime, yet every one was acquitted. The horror provoked outrage across the country and helped galvanize the NAACP's national anti-lynching campaign, ultimately inspiring Pennsylvania's 1923 anti-lynching law.

Bellefonte, PA · est. 1992

The story of the Mills Brothers begins in Bellefonte, where grandfather William H. Mills, a Jubilee Singer, ran a barbershop from 1871 to 1931. His son John moved to Ohio, where four grandsons were born and formed a vocal quartet that broke through racial barriers to win a mass national audience. With John singing bass from 1936, the group performed across an astonishing half-century, from 1925 to 1981.