Search Markers

Austin, TX

Gethsemane was the first Lutheran church in Travis County, organized in 1868 by Swedish immigrants under the leadership of Swante Palm. The congregation raised this 1883 building using stone hauled by wheelbarrow from the Texas Capitol that had burned in 1881, and later fitted it with ornate doors salvaged from the University of Texas's Old Main. Its form echoes the rural churches of the Swedish homeland its founders had left behind.

San Benito, TX

As Mexican immigrants settled the new town of San Benito in the early 1900s, Presbyterian families among them organized the Mexican Presbyterian Church of San Benito in 1911, led by missionary and teacher Anne E. Dysart, who had fled the Mexican Revolution and opened a school. The congregation built its first church in 1912 and joined the Presbyterian Church of the U.S.A. in 1919. Renamed 2nd Presbyterian in 1961 and Getsemani Presbyterian in 1979, it has long run food banks, clothing closets, English classes, and outreach missions.

Gettysburg, PA · est. 1954

Before Gettysburg was a name known to the nation, it was a crossroads where the Shippensburg-Baltimore and Philadelphia-Pittsburgh roads met, anchored by the tavern of Samuel Gettys. Taverns at such junctions were the gathering places of colonial life, and in 1775 men mustered here for Continental service as the Revolution began. The Gettys family's crossroads would later lend its name to the town and, eventually, to one of the most famous battles in American history.

Cumberland Township, PA · est. 1947

Near this spot on November 19, 1863, Abraham Lincoln rose to dedicate the new National Cemetery for the Union dead of the Battle of Gettysburg. In barely two minutes he delivered the address he had drafted in Washington and revised the night before, redefining the war as a struggle for a nation "conceived in liberty" and a government "of the people, by the people, for the people." The few hundred words spoken here became one of the most consequential speeches in American history.

Gettysburg, PA · est. 1947

Here on November 19, 1863, Abraham Lincoln delivered the Gettysburg Address at the dedication of the National Cemetery, honoring the soldiers who had fallen months earlier in the war's bloodiest battle. Having written the speech in Washington and polished it after reaching Gettysburg the previous evening, Lincoln distilled the meaning of the Union cause into a few immortal sentences. The brief remarks, overshadowed that day by a two-hour oration, would long outlive every other word spoken at the ceremony.

Gettysburg, PA · est. 1895

Lee's second invasion of the North ended here in three days of fighting that left over 50,000 casualties. Four months later Lincoln redefined the war's purpose in 272 words.

Cumberland Township, PA · est. 1947

After three days of savage fighting at Gettysburg, Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia gave up the field and began withdrawing on July 4, 1863, taking the Fairfield Road toward the mountain passes and the Potomac. The retreat was a grueling ordeal, and swollen river waters trapped the army on the northern bank for days before it could finally cross on the night of July 13. Those anxious days offered the Union a chance to destroy Lee's battered force before it escaped south.

Franklin Township, PA · est. 1947

In the last days of June 1863, Confederate columns poured east over South Mountain from Chambersburg as Lee concentrated his scattered army in the Pennsylvania countryside. A. P. Hill's corps gathered here on June 29–30, and on July 1 its advance guard pushed toward Gettysburg, colliding with Union troops west of town. That chance meeting opened the greatest battle ever fought on American soil.

Mount Joy Township, PA · est. 1947

Only days before the battle, President Lincoln handed command of the Army of the Potomac to George G. Meade, replacing Joseph Hooker on June 28, 1863. Racing to meet Lee's invasion, Meade rode this road from Taneytown to Gettysburg on the night of July 1 and set up headquarters just south of town. From that modest farmhouse he would direct the defense that broke the Confederate assault.

Tyrone Township, PA · est. 1947

As Lee gathered his far-flung divisions, Jubal Early's Confederates marched back from York to rejoin the main army. They camped three miles east of here on June 30, 1863, then turned south the next morning toward Gettysburg on orders from corps commander Richard Ewell. Early's men would arrive in time to help drive Union forces through the town on the battle's first day.

Mount Joy Township, PA · est. 1947

As the fighting opened, Union reinforcements streamed toward Gettysburg along these country roads. The 12th Corps reached this point on the afternoon of July 1, 1863, and soon took position on Culp's Hill, the anchor of the Union right. Over the next day the 6th and 5th Corps followed, filling out the fishhook line that would hold against Lee's attacks.

Cumberland Township, PA · est. 1947

On the first day of the battle, the Union 11th Corps hurried up from the Emmitsburg Road and turned north here toward Gettysburg to support the troops already engaged. That night the 2nd Corps encamped at this spot as the army massed for the fighting to come. These crossroads marked the steady flow of blue columns toward the battle line.

Tyrone Township, PA · est. 1947

Robert Rodes led his Confederate division back from Carlisle to rejoin Lee's concentrating army, camping here on the night of June 30, 1863. The next morning his men marched west toward Biglerville — then called Middletown — and on toward the developing fight at Gettysburg. Rodes' troops would strike the Union line from the north on the battle's first day.

Cumberland Township, PA · est. 1947

On July 1, 1863, Robert Rodes' Confederate division came down this road from Carlisle toward the sound of battle at Gettysburg. Here his men turned along the ridge toward Oak Hill, seizing high ground from which to strike the exposed Union flank. Their attack helped collapse the Northern line north of town on the battle's opening day.

Hamilton Township, PA · est. 1947

Late in June 1863, before the armies met at Gettysburg, Jubal Early's Confederates swept east toward the Susquehanna. John B. Gordon's brigade passed here on June 27 bound for York, while Early's main force took a parallel route through Hampton and East Berlin. Both columns entered York the following day, part of the deepest Confederate thrust into Pennsylvania.

Cumberland Township, PA · est. 1947

On the morning of July 1, 1863, the Battle of Gettysburg opened when Union cavalry under John Buford met A. P. Hill's advancing Confederates coming from the west. Buford's dismounted troopers bought precious time until infantry could arrive, but the appearance of Ewell's corps that afternoon forced the outnumbered Union men back through the town. The stage was set for two more days of decisive fighting.

Freedom Township, PA · est. 1947

In the final days of June 1863, tens of thousands of Union soldiers were converging on the Pennsylvania crossroads town of Gettysburg. The 1st Corps camped on this ground on June 30 before marching at dawn to support John Buford's cavalry, which was already skirmishing with Confederate forces west of town. That collision opened the three-day battle that became the war's great turning point.

South Middleton Township, PA · est. 1947

On July 1, 1863, Gen. J.E.B. Stuart's Confederate cavalry rode into the Carlisle area by way of Dover and Dillsburg, only to find that Gen. Ewell's troops had already moved on the day before. Stuart put the U.S. Cavalry Barracks to the torch and then turned toward Gettysburg, where the battle that would decide the campaign had just begun. The moment captures the confusion and hard riding that shaped the Gettysburg Campaign's opening.

Carlisle, PA · est. 1947

On June 27, 1863, Gen. Ewell's Confederate corps marched along this road into Carlisle as part of Lee's bold invasion aimed at Harrisburg, sending Jenkins' cavalry ahead to scout the way. Two days later, Lee recalled Ewell to concentrate the army near Cashtown, drawing the Confederates back toward the ground where the Battle of Gettysburg would unfold. This road traced the high-water line of the Southern thrust into Pennsylvania.

Greene Township, PA · est. 1947

In late June 1863, Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia poured north into Pennsylvania, and General Richard S. Ewell's corps marched this road bound for Carlisle with orders to threaten the state capital at Harrisburg. Before he could strike, Ewell was recalled on June 29 to concentrate with Lee near Cashtown. Within days those converging roads would funnel both armies into the fields around Gettysburg.

Guilford Township, PA · est. 1947

Chambersburg felt the Confederate invasion early: General Albert G. Jenkins' Southern cavalry rode in on June 15, 1863, well ahead of the main army, and returned to lead the advance a week later. On June 26, Robert E. Lee himself entered the town at the head of the Army of Northern Virginia. From this staging ground the Confederates fanned out across south-central Pennsylvania in the days before Gettysburg.

Ayr Township, PA · est. 1947

This corner of the Cumberland Valley changed hands repeatedly during the 1863 invasion, occupied three times by Confederate columns pushing north. General Albert G. Jenkins' cavalry came first on June 19, followed by General George H. Steuart's troops in late June and, after a brief skirmish with Union forces, General John D. Imboden's command on June 29. Each passage marked the shifting tide of Lee's campaign.

Penn Township, PA · est. 1947

In late June 1863, Robert E. Lee's Confederate army swept deep into Pennsylvania, and General Jubal Early's division ranged across York County ahead of the main force. On June 27, men detached by General John B. Gordon passed through Hanover by this route to destroy a railroad bridge at Hanover Junction, cutting Union communications. Their work done, the raiders rejoined Gordon as the armies drew toward a collision at Gettysburg.

Penn Township, PA · est. 1947

As the Gettysburg Campaign reached its crisis, Union cavalry under General Judson Kilpatrick scoured the countryside hunting for J.E.B. Stuart's Confederate horsemen. On June 30, 1863, Stuart struck here, but was repulsed. Cut off from Early's departed column, Stuart rode north to Carlisle and did not reach the Gettysburg battlefield until July 2 — a delay that left Lee blind to Union movements at a critical hour.

Dover Township, PA · est. 1947

In the last days of June 1863, part of General Jubal Early's Confederate division advanced on York along this road, spreading Lee's army across southern Pennsylvania. From here Early sent Colonel French toward York Haven to burn the Susquehanna bridges, hoping to sever the region's rail links. Then, ordered to concentrate with Lee, most of Early's men marched back over this same road on June 30 toward the fields at Gettysburg.

Wrightsville, PA · est. 1947

On June 28, 1863, Confederate troops sent by General Jubal Early reached Wrightsville, aiming to cross the mile-long Susquehanna bridge and press on toward Harrisburg, the state capital. Rather than let the enemy over the river, retreating Union militia set the great covered bridge ablaze. The flames barred the Confederate advance and marked the farthest eastward reach of Lee's invasion.

West Manchester Township, PA · est. 1947

On June 28, 1863, General John B. Gordon's brigade of Early's division marched through York along this route on its way to Wrightsville and the Susquehanna. Early's main force lingered here in York until June 30, when it turned west to reunite with Lee's army. Within days those same soldiers would be fighting at Gettysburg, the greatest battle of the war.

Berwick Township, PA · est. 1948

In late June 1863, as Robert E. Lee's army spread across southern Pennsylvania, Confederate divisions under Jubal Early swept eastward toward the Susquehanna. Troops led by John B. Gordon marched past this spot on June 27 bound for York, while Early's main column moved along a parallel road through Hampton and East Berlin. Both wings converged on York the next day — the deepest penetration the Confederacy would make into the North before the armies collided days later at Gettysburg.

Guilford Township, PA · est. 1948

In late June 1863, Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia had pushed deep into Pennsylvania, and Lee himself made Chambersburg his headquarters. Learning that Union forces had crossed the Potomac and were closing in, he ordered his scattered corps to concentrate near Cashtown and marched out of the city along this road. Within days those converging armies would collide a few miles east at Gettysburg.

Carlisle, PA · est. 1949

By late June 1863, Confederate General Richard Ewell's corps had pushed as far north as Carlisle, the high-water reach of Lee's invasion of Pennsylvania. On June 28 Ewell received Robert E. Lee's orders to concentrate the army, and over the next day his divisions marched south from Carlisle over this road through Mount Holly Springs, York Springs, and Heidlersburg toward a small crossroads town called Gettysburg. Those movements set the stage for the war's most consequential battle.

Snake Spring Township, PA · est. 1963

In June 1863, as Robert E. Lee's army pushed north into Pennsylvania, militia under Colonel J.C. Higgins dug the entrenchments still traceable along these roadsides to guard the vital railroad at Altoona against a feared Confederate thrust. The threat never materialized: as the armies converged on Gettysburg at the end of June, the danger passed and the earthworks were never tested. They remain a quiet trace of the anxiety that gripped the Pennsylvania countryside that summer.

Camp Hill, PA · est. 1963

In the last days of June 1863, as Robert E. Lee's army pushed north, Confederate cavalry under General Albert G. Jenkins probed toward the Pennsylvania capital at Harrisburg. Oyster Point, near present-day Camp Hill, marked the high-water mark of that advance before local militia met the Southerners in a sharp skirmish on June 29. Within days the Confederate tide would recede toward the fields of Gettysburg.

Waynesboro, PA · est. 1964

On June 23, 1863, Confederate troops under General Jubal Early occupied Waynesboro as Lee's army swept into Pennsylvania. The next day they marched by Mont Alto toward Greenwood, and on June 25 received General Ewell's order to press on to York. These movements were part of the wide Confederate sweep across south-central Pennsylvania in the days before the armies converged at Gettysburg.

Antrim Township, PA · est. 1964

On June 22, 1863, the 1st New York Cavalry clashed here with the Confederate advance guard under General Albert G. Jenkins, one of the first armed encounters as Lee's army entered Pennsylvania. In the fighting Corporal William H. Rihl of Philadelphia fell—the first Union soldier killed in action on Pennsylvania soil. He was buried near where he died, and this ground became his memorial.

Hampden Township, PA · est. 1997

As Robert E. Lee's army pushed deep into Pennsylvania in the summer of 1863, its advance reached almost to the state capital before turning back toward a small town called Gettysburg. Here at Sporting Hill on June 30, hastily mustered New York militia and a Philadelphia battery clashed with Confederate cavalry probing the defenses of Harrisburg. It was the northernmost fighting of the entire campaign, and the graycoats soon withdrew toward Carlisle, leaving their dead behind.

Antrim Township, PA · est. 1997

In the tense weeks before the guns opened at Gettysburg, Confederate columns poured north through the Cumberland Valley on their way to the largest battle ever fought on American soil. General Richard S. Ewell's Second Corps used this route in June 1863 to spearhead Lee's second invasion of the North, with Jubal Early's division peeling off toward Waynesboro. Within days these same forces would converge on a small crossroads town to the east, where three days of fighting decided the campaign.

Straban Township, PA · est. 1998

On July 3, 1863, as the great battle raged at Gettysburg, a major cavalry fight unfolded about a mile southeast of here. Union horsemen under Gen. David McM. Gregg met Confederate cavalry led by Gen. J.E.B. Stuart, whose aim was to strike the Union rear at the decisive moment. Through a series of mounted charges Gregg's troopers drove Stuart from the field, blunting the threat.

Hampden Township, PA · est. 2001

In the last days of June 1863, as Lee's army pushed deep into Pennsylvania, Confederate cavalry commander Brig. Gen. Albert G. Jenkins made his headquarters in this 1787 Rupp family house. His brigade, attached to Ewell's Corps, had ridden through Mechanicsburg to scout the approaches to the state capital at Harrisburg, with an attack planned for June 30. That assault never came—the troops were recalled south to concentrate at Gettysburg, and the war's greatest battle opened instead.

Reading Township, PA · est. 2008

In the last days of June 1863, as the armies converged on Gettysburg, part of Confederate General Jubal Early's division tramped past this ground on its march toward York. Passing by Mummasburg and Hunterstown on June 27, the troops returned two days later along a route just to the north, heading toward Heidlersburg. Their movements were part of the sweeping maneuvers that set the stage for the war's most consequential battle.

Straban Township, PA · est. 2020

As the armies converged on Gettysburg, the fighting spilled into the surrounding countryside. Near Hunterstown on July 2, 1863, Union cavalry under Gen. Judson Kilpatrick — with brigades led by the young George A. Custer and Elon J. Farnsworth — clashed with Confederate horsemen under Gen. Wade Hampton. The four-hour running fight ended with neither side able to claim a clear victory.

Ayr Township, PA · est. 2021

As Robert E. Lee's army pushed into Pennsylvania in June 1863, Confederate raiding parties fanned out into Fulton County to seize horses, livestock, and supplies. On June 29, troopers of the 1st New York Cavalry struck one such party, killing two enemy soldiers, wounding several, and capturing 32 men including their captain. The two Confederate dead were buried here by local residents.

Jefferson, PA · est. 2009

In the tense weeks before the Battle of Gettysburg in the summer of 1863, the war came to the doorsteps of ordinary York County families. As thousands of Confederate and Union troops marched through Jefferson, both armies seized horses, livestock, and food, and Gen. J.E.B. Stuart's cavalry occupied the town at the end of June. Days later those same roads funneled the armies toward the fields of Gettysburg, where the war's turning point would unfold.

Philadelphia, PA

Neighbors set this stone — carried from the battlefield at Gettysburg — in 1916 to mark the site of one of the Civil War's largest Union military hospitals, the West Philadelphia General, later renamed Satterlee General Hospital. Sprawling across West Philadelphia, Satterlee treated tens of thousands of sick and wounded soldiers, including many brought north from Gettysburg itself in July 1863. A piece of the battlefield thus commemorates the place where its casualties were nursed.

Waxahachie, TX

Laid out in 1889 as West End Park, this Waxahachie ground soon became Chautauqua Park, hosting the annual summer assemblies that carried culture, lectures, and music from western New York to towns across the country. For two weeks each year through 1930, thousands camped here amid tents, a barbershop, a post office, and a 1902 auditorium that welcomed speakers from William Jennings Bryan to Will Rogers. The park was renamed in 1914 for Civil War veteran W.H. Getzendaner and remains a civic gathering place.

San Francisco, CA

Ghirardelli Square grew from the brick factory complex where Domingo Ghirardelli's company made chocolate on San Francisco's waterfront. When the manufacturing moved out, the handsome 19th-century buildings were saved and reborn in the 1960s as a pioneering retail and dining destination rather than being demolished. Its listing on the National Register of Historic Places recognizes both the industrial heritage and the landmark adaptive reuse.

Gholson, TX

This burial ground began in 1871 with the grave of the infant daughter of pioneer settlers Thomas and Charlotte Rozell, its oldest marked stone belonging to Sarah Kiker, who died in 1877. In 1885 W. F. Umberson, an area settler from before the Civil War, set aside two acres as a public cemetery for the Gholson community. A one-room Kellum School on the grounds doubled as a place of worship, and a cemetery tabernacle followed in 1925.

Saratoga, TX

Ghost Road runs arrow-straight through the Big Thicket along the bed of an old Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe branch line that once carried timber between Bragg and Saratoga. Tales of a mysterious light appeared while the trains still ran and only grew after the line became a county road in the 1930s, fueled by newspaper editor Arthur Fullingim's published sightings. Explained over the years as swamp gas, hidden Spanish gold, or restless spirits, the road drew crowds of the curious and, in the late 1990s, became a protected natural resource prized for its flora and fauna.

Burkburnett, TX

German immigrant Herman Specht amassed some 21,000 acres in northern Wichita County and in 1886 platted the town of Clara, naming it for his wife and its streets for Texas heroes. He recruited German colonists, raised wheat, and kept an experimental nursery, but drought, the 1900 Galveston storm, an inadequate water supply, and the coming of good roads and cars steadily drained the town until only the church, rectory, and cemetery remained.

Teague, TX

Settled before 1848, Cotton Gin took its name from the mule-drawn gin Dr. J. S. Wills built here, and it gained a post office in 1851 as Freestone County organized. Though Wills offered land for a courthouse, voters declined to make it the county seat, and the thriving town — with three churches, a school, a newspaper, and a Masonic Lodge — faded in the 1870s when the Houston & Texas Central Railroad laid its tracks a few miles west. Its businesses drifted toward the rails, leaving Cotton Gin a ghost town.

Mohave County, AZ

A few miles off this road lie the ruins of White Hills, a mining boom town that flared to life in 1892 and was largely gone by 1898. In just six years its mines yielded some twelve million dollars in gold and silver, with the original strike credited to a Native prospector. Today only foundations and scattered debris remain of the once-bustling camp.

Hereford, TX

Across the Texas Panhandle, the settlement map is written as much in vanished towns as in surviving ones, and Deaf Smith County is a vivid example. La Plata, once known as Grenada, was a bustling county seat and a key stop on the New Mexico–Amarillo Road in the 1880s and 1890s—until its buildings and county government were simply hauled off to Hereford in 1898. Nearby Ayr, Escarbada on the great XIT Ranch, Dean, Mirage, and Kelso each flickered into existence as post offices before fading away entirely.

Philadelphia, PA · est. 2005

This was home to the Giannini family, a celebrated musical dynasty of the early 20th century. Father Ferruccio, a tenor, sang on one of the first phonograph discs in 1896; his daughter Dusolina became a Metropolitan Opera soprano, and his son Vittorio a composer who taught at the Curtis Institute and Juilliard. Their careers linked Philadelphia to the great stages and conservatories of American music.

Arlington, TX

James Gibbins left Arkansas for Texas in 1857 and bought land near present-day Arlington in 1863, later deeding part of it to his son Thomas Jefferson Gibbins, who enlarged the homestead. The family cemetery opened with the 1877 burial of Thomas's first wife, Amanda, and his second wife Martha kept the land for three decades after his death. The Gibbins family gave much to the growing community, including land for a public school and a local park.

Huntington vicinity, TX

Around 1904, sawmill manager W. M. Gibbs came to the East Texas mill town of Manning to work for the Carter-Kelly Lumber Company, and he and his wife Leannah raised four children in this house. Built as an American foursquare and enlarged in 1927 with Craftsman touches, the home stayed in the family until 1942. Today it stands as one of the last tangible remnants of Manning, a company town that has largely vanished.

Huntsville, TX

This Greek Revival home was built in 1862 for the family of Thomas Gibbs, part of a prominent early Huntsville family. After serving as a rental and student housing in the late 1800s, it was purchased in 1897 by Judge Ben Powell II. Retaining its square porch columns and transom-and-sidelight entry, the house opened as a local history museum in 1984.

Rendon vicinity, TX

In 1853 brothers Garrett and James Gibson and their kin settled 160-acre homesteads in what became the Gibson Community of Tarrant County. Each brother donated land here for a cemetery, first used in 1866 for Garrett's infant grandson, James Truitt. Of the seventy-three marked graves, many bearing only rough fieldstones, all but two hold members of the Gibson family, a lasting record of one of the county's earliest settlements.

Weslaco, TX

During the Great Depression, displaced Midwesterners drifted into Weslaco and threw up Hooverville shantytowns, and in 1934 the local Lions Club set out to give them a proper public space. Landowners William Henry Hoge and J.J. Gibson donated the acreage, and the site opened in 1936 as the city's first municipal trailer park, drawing campers and travelers before closing as a camp in 1946 and maturing into a neighborhood park. Today it also hosts the Valley Nature Center, anchoring Weslaco's ecotourism.

Perrin, TX

Settled as New Hope City and later renamed Gibtown for merchant Burdett Levi Gibbins, this North Texas farming community grew up in the decades after the Civil War. Its cemetery, whose first marked grave belongs to Mary C. Stults (d. 1876), gathered the pioneer families, ministers, doctors, and county officials who built the town. Tombstones bearing Woodmen of the World and Masonic emblems record the fraternal life that bound the settlement together.

Brenham, TX

Completed in 1870 for the Brenham banker, lawyer, and landowner Jabez Giddings—namesake of the town of Giddings—this stately house is a late flowering of the Greek Revival style, with a five-bay, two-story porch carried on Doric columns. It passed to his daughter Mary Louise and her husband Heber Stone, son of a Galveston mayor, and gained late-nineteenth-century touches like metal balusters and a rear servants' wing. The home reflects the wealth and ambition of Texas's post–Civil War commercial elite.

Brenham, TX

Jabez Deming Giddings, a Pennsylvania lawyer and civic leader, bought this Brenham land in 1837 and built a home of hand-hewn cypress boards—crowned by an unusual rooftop rainwater reservoir—before his 1843 marriage to Ann Tarver. Remodeled about 1870 and sold to the Wilkin family in 1871, it sheltered them until 1942. Slated for demolition in 1972, the house was rescued and restored by the county's heritage society.