Westward Expansion

Bangs, TX

This hilltop graveyard has served the Thrifty and Fry communities of Brown County for well over a century, its oldest legible burial dating to 1864 and a weathered rock slab hinting at use as early as 1862. Among those laid to rest are pioneer settler Charles Mullins, who brought his family west in 1858, people killed in frontier Indian attacks, and workers caught up in the oil boom of 1926–27. The stones read like a timeline of the West Texas frontier, from first settlement through the derricks of the petroleum age.

Greenville, KY

Muhlenberg County, formed in 1798, takes its name from Peter Muhlenberg, the Pennsylvania clergyman who famously declared there was "a time to preach and a time to fight"—and shed his pastor's robes to raise the 8th Virginia Regiment. He served from 1776 through the victory at Yorktown, then entered Congress and the Senate. Many veterans of his regiment became pioneers in this corner of Kentucky.

Merkel, TX

Human activity in Mulberry Canyon reaches back to prehistoric times, when Native American peoples hunted buffalo, deer, and bear across the land. The canyon saw the 1849 forty-niner mail route and, from 1858 to 1861, the Butterfield Overland Mail's stagecoaches before cattle ranchers arrived in the 1870s and the last buffalo herds passed through in 1878. Pioneer families then planted maize, corn, and cotton and raised more than half a dozen small communities, served by ten churches and ten schools, whose descendants still occupied the canyon in the 1990s.

Ravenna, TX

Two miles from the Red River, the farming community of Mulberry took root in the early 1880s, its land anchored by Civil War veteran Captain Thomas Lightfoot, who donated ground for both a cemetery and a one-room school in 1883. The burial ground grew to hold pioneer families, a shaded "Mexican section" begun after the Portillo family arrived in 1902, and the victims of the floods, cyclones, and tornadoes that repeatedly struck Mulberry Bottom. A cross now stands over the unmarked graves between the old cemetery and the vanished schoolhouse.

Muldoon, TX

First settled in the 1830s on land from an 1831 Spanish grant through Stephen F. Austin, the Muldoon community took its name from Father Miguel Muldoon, an Irish-born, Spanish-educated priest who ministered to Austin's colonists and received leagues of land in return. The town boomed after the San Antonio and Aransas Pass Railroad arrived in 1887, gaining stores, churches, a hotel, a cotton gin, and its distinctive 1890 precinct courthouse. Muldoon blue sandstone from the local quarry went into courthouses, churches, and even Galveston's coastal jetties before the community faded with the railroad's decline.

Tennyson vicinity, TX

Set on the rolling frontier of Coke County, Mule Creek grew up around a small settlement whose very name is the stuff of tall tales—recalled either as an early horse-and-mule ranch or a stagecoach mule that died at the nearby creek. The Abilene-to-Fort Concho stage once rolled through, and for years a combination school-and-church served as the community's heart. As West Texans drifted toward town life in the twentieth century, the settlement thinned, leaving its cemetery—blanketed each spring with bluebonnets—to tell the story.

Muleshoe vicinity, TX

Established in 1935 as a wintering ground for migratory waterfowl, Muleshoe National Wildlife Refuge sits along the Central Flyway, one link in a chain of sanctuaries stretching from Mexico to Canada. Each fall its playas fill with the largest wintering concentration of sandhill cranes in North America, alongside countless other birds. Spanning more than 5,000 acres, it is among the oldest of Texas's federal refuges.

Center, TX

Brothers James Allen and John M. Mull brought their families from Alabama to Shelby County in 1894, only to lose John's wife Mary to smallpox two years later. Fear of contagion barred her from the city cemetery, so a neighbor offered a burial spot on his land along the San Augustine road, and in 1901 John Mull bought the ground and organized what became Mull Cemetery. The family and at least ten relatives lie here, a small graveyard the city of Center has maintained since 1956.

Spokane County, WA

This monument marks where the Mullan Military Road crossed, the pioneering wagon route built by Captain John Mullan between 1859 and 1862 to connect Fort Benton, Montana, with Fort Walla Walla, Washington. Stretching more than 600 miles, it was the first engineered road across the northern Rockies, opening a corridor for troops, settlers, and freight. The original trail lies about 1,100 feet west of the marker.

Mullin, TX

Charles Mullins, the town's namesake, arrived with cattle in 1857, and tradition holds that a Methodist circuit rider preached in his home. The congregation worshiped in the Mullin schoolhouse for years before J. E. Martin and his wife donated this site in 1893 and a building rose in 1896 under the Rev. Marion Mills. After a 1919 cyclone wrecked that structure, the present native-stone church was raised in 1920 using much of the original material.

San Angelo, TX

This cemetery honors Isaac Mullins, a Virginia-born pioneer who came to the Republic of Texas in 1837 and helped organize Tom Green County, serving on its first commission and in the state legislature. His "IC" cattle brand became one of the most famous in Texas as he trailed herds to markets as far as California, and in the 1860s he captained a company of Texas Rangers. He gave land for a school and deeded this site as a cemetery in 1881, where he lies among Civil War veterans and pioneers of the old Mullins community.

Thrifty, TX

In 1894 Brown County commissioners cut a public road from Bangs to Cross Cut, and its chief crossing of Jim Ned Creek fell at Mullins Ranch, prompting the county to buy eleven acres here. The Mullins brothers had settled the area in 1857, helping found the nearby towns of Mullin and Thrifty, and their ranch became a regular stop for Methodist circuit preachers, a favored spot for camp meetings, and an open watering hole for cattlemen and neighbors. Many of those gathering traditions continue at the site today.

Plano, TX

McBain Jameson and Jeremiah Muncey settled this vicinity in the early 1840s, when North Texas was still a dangerous frontier of scattered cabins. Late in 1844, hunters came upon the slain bodies of Jameson, the Muncey family, and a small child, along with signs of an Indian raid; a nearby settler's son named Rice was killed as well, and two Muncey boys vanished forever. Remembered as the last such raid in Collin County, the marker was moved to this site in 1998, about a mile from the actual home and graves.

Muncy, PA · est. 1952

The town of Muncy was laid out in 1799 by Benjamin McCarty in the fertile West Branch Susquehanna country. Its name honors the Munsee, a division of the Delaware (Lenape) who lived here before white settlement. The site was a natural crossroads long before the town existed, where four great Indian paths — the Shamokin, Wyalusing, Wyoming, and Towanda — came together.

Muncy Creek Township, PA · est. 1952

Laid out in 1799 by Benjamin McCarty, Muncy took its name from the Munsee, a band of the Delaware (Lenape) who inhabited the West Branch Susquehanna valley before European settlement. The place had long been a hub of movement: four important Indian paths — the Shamokin, Wyalusing, Wyoming, and Towanda — met near here. The new town simply formalized a junction that Native travelers had used for generations.

Bailey's Prairie, TX

In 1850 Mordello Stephen Munson — son of Henry William Munson, a member of Stephen F. Austin's colony — set aside this tract at his family's Ridgely Plantation on Bailey's Prairie as a burying ground for kin and friends. The little cemetery ties one of the founding colonial families of Anglo Texas to the coastal prairie they helped settle. It has stood as their resting place for well over a century.

Neches, TX

Born in North Carolina to Scottish immigrants in 1810, Murdoch McDonald came to the Mound Prairie area of Anderson County in 1839 and farmed alongside the family of Dr. George Lester, whose daughter he married. In 1871 he donated three hundred acres to the International Railroad on the condition that a town and station be built, and when the rails arrived in 1872 he raised a hotel that became the community's social center. Remembered as the founder of Neches, he remained a local leader until his death in 1889.

Murphy, TX

Settled in the early 1840s by pioneers from a dozen states drawn to the fertile Blackland Prairie, this community farmed and ranched the tall-grass, black-soil country for well over a century. It took the name Murphy in 1888 when William Murphy granted right-of-way to the St. Louis Southwestern Railroad, though the city itself wasn't formally established until 1958. Founding Maxwell, McMillen, and Murphy families built the stores and schools of an agrarian town that faded by 1970—only to revive in the 1980s as a Dallas suburb.

Murphy, TX

In 1872, on the death of his sister Susan Emberton, William A. Murphy set aside a corner of his North Texas land as a private family burial ground, laying it out with sons' families to the north and daughters' to the south. As the Murphys drifted west in the late 1800s, the plot opened to the wider Murphy community, taking its last burial in 1988. Today it rests among cedars first planted by William and Dorothy Murphy's daughters.

Nursery, TX

Built in 1897, the Murphy Home blends the Southern plantation form with the New England saltbox, an unusual pairing that spoke to the tastes of prominent Nursery citizens. It passed through several notable local families before becoming best known as the longtime home of W. M. Murphy, Sr.

Rockdale, TX

First known as Pleasant Grove Cemetery, this Milam County burial ground shared its site with the community's school and church, its earliest marked grave dating to 1856. It took its lasting name from Madison Murray, a Civil War veteran who moved from Mississippi in the late 1860s, became a community leader, and ran the old schoolhouse as a private academy. As settlements rose and faded, the cemetery went on serving the Pleasant Grove, Bushdale, and Bethlehem communities, cared for by an association organized in 2004.

Graham, TX

When pioneer Thomas Price bought land in the Fish Creek community in 1874, he and his neighbors repaired an abandoned log cabin and set it aside as a shared meeting house where settlers of every denomination worshiped together. The Fish Creek Methodist Society organized in 1886, served by a circuit-riding minister, and moved through cabin and schoolhouse before the W. L. Chandler family donated land in 1907. Renamed Murray Methodist Church, it has remained a vital part of the community.

Slocum, TX

Muse Cemetery holds burials reaching back to 1859, when six-month-old Mary E. Gilmore was laid to rest, though a 1969 survey found some 261 unmarked graves hidden beneath the sand of its oldest section. It took its name from the pioneer Muse family who arrived after the Civil War, even though none of them appear to be buried here. To the east lies a separate plot for the community's Black citizens, its earliest marked grave that of Jackson Roach in 1882.

Gail, TX

Rising to 2,862 feet on the West Texas plains, Mushaway Peak has carried many spellings and long served as a landmark of Native American origin. Around 1872 a village near here was a trading point where Apaches and Comanches dealt with Comancheros tied to New Mexico's markets. As U.S. Army expeditions swept the region in the mid-1870s to force the last free bands onto reservations, the peak guided soldiers, buffalo hunters, and surveyors alike — before cattlemen claimed the valley in the 1880s.

Port Aransas, TX

Mustang Island, one of seven Texas barrier islands, took its name from the wild horses descended from shipwrecks and Spanish expeditions, and was long frequented by the nomadic Karankawas. Robert Ainsworth Mercer settled here in 1855 with his family, founding the El Mar Rancho, but the small community scattered during the Civil War when the USS Arthur blockaded Aransas Pass and shelled the island after settlers fired on Federal sailors in 1862. Ranchers returned after the war, and by the 1920s tourism had become the island's economic mainstay.

Marlin, TX

Though the land fell within Sterling Robertson's 1834 colony, Mustang Prairie drew few settlers until Reconstruction and the railroad's 1870 arrival at nearby Bremond brought merchants and families—many of them from Alabama, Tennessee, and Mississippi. The community anchored itself with the New Hope Baptist Church, established by 1872, and a schoolhouse that first shared the church building before a three-room frame school rose in 1877. Storms, tornadoes, and dwindling enrollment eventually closed both, and by 1940 the schoolchildren were bused to Kosse and Bremond.

Tarzan, TX

This West Texas watering place was already known in 1849, when U.S. Army Captain Randolph B. Marcy paused here while leading emigrants from Fort Smith, Arkansas, toward El Paso. Noted in 1859 as "Mustang Pond" just north of the Emigrant's Road, it was the first reliable water west of Big Spring—a vital marker on the long, dry route west.

Alvarado, TX

Samuel Houston Myers brought his wife Patsy and six children to Texas in 1851, establishing a family farm; over the following years he outlived three wives and buried several kin on the land. The cemetery's first recorded burial came in 1873 with his granddaughter Mary, and early graves include Myers himself, a traveler who drowned in Quil Miller Creek, and a formerly enslaved woman remembered as "Aunt Rachel." A darker chapter unfolded in 1880, when young Sam Houston Myers, Jr. was hanged for a murder his brother-in-law later confessed to.

New Summerfield, TX

Begun in the 1860s on land deeded by pioneer Thomas Garrison, this burial ground served the vanished town of Lone Star and scattered East Texas homesteads, its earliest marked grave that of young Martha Wallace in 1866. At least fifteen Civil War veterans rest here, some beneath hand-cut sandstone markers now worn to bare initials. Though Lone Star became a ghost town, the cemetery endured, tended by a community association chartered for perpetual care in the 1960s.

Montgomery, TX

Judge N. H. Davis built this cottage in 1851 using timber from an 1831 log house he had received as a legal fee, and the home grew with a kitchen wing in 1880 and a south addition in 1895. From 1881 to 1891 it also served the community as the site of Texanna Snow's school, and the house has remained in the Davis family ever since.

Center Point, TX

Pennsylvania-born and a Union veteran of the Civil War, Nelson Orcelus Reynolds enlisted as a Texas Ranger in 1874 and quickly made his name, capturing the Horrell brothers and brokering a peace to end their feud with the Higgins faction—a feat that won him command of the newly formed Company E. He was later charged with jailing and guarding the notorious gunman John Wesley Hardin for trial. After leaving the Rangers in 1879 he served as Lampasas County sheriff and settled in Center Point, where he died in 1922.

Nacogdoches, TX

Long home to the Nacogdoches Indians, this East Texas region saw Spanish settlement begin in 1716, though the presence was repeatedly abandoned and re-established amid French encroachment. The town of Nacogdoches was founded in 1779, and the area became the scene of the Fredonian Rebellion in 1827. Organized as a municipality under Mexico in 1832, it was made a Texas county in 1836.

Nada, TX

Nada grew on land once part of Stephen F. Austin's colony, settled beginning in the 1880s by German and Czech immigrant families who built stores, schools, and a Catholic parish. The founding of a public school in 1883, a post office in 1894, and the Church of the Nativity in 1896 anchored a farming community that by 1904 boasted a cotton gin, stores, and a dance hall. Its descendants still work the same agricultural land generations later.

Nada, TX

The Nada post office opened in 1894 with William J. Engbrock, Jr. as first postmaster, and for nearly a century it migrated around town with each new postmaster's trade — housed by turns in general stores, a doctor's pharmacy, and a service station and garage. It followed the community's shifting center of gravity, even moving to be near the new State Highway 71 in the 1930s. A permanent facility was finally built in 1987.

Moody, TX

When Joseph Naler brought his family from Georgia to the Central Texas prairie in 1851, the country around present-day Moody was still raw frontier. The first grave dug on his land in 1863 was for his wife Polly, and over the decades the plot grew from a family burying ground into a chartered community cemetery holding many of the district's earliest settlers. That the graveyard predates the town of Moody itself makes it a quiet record of who came first.

Travis County, TX

Nameless, Texas reportedly earned its wry name in the 1880s after residents grew tired of having their proposed post-office names rejected by the government. This little Hill Country farming community once supported its own school and gathering places, but like countless rural Texas settlements it faded as families drifted toward larger towns and better roads. Today a schoolhouse site and the community cemetery are just about all that remain to mark where Nameless stood.

De Soto, TX

Otway Bird Nance moved his family from Kentucky to this Dallas County land in 1851, securing title through the Peters Colony in 1856. The farmhouse begun in the 1850s was later enlarged with Victorian detailing and even rotated to face east in the early 1900s, while its barn, curing shed, and elevated water tank survived alongside it. The family held the place until 1951, and De Soto acquired it in 1975.

Crews, TX

In this cabin lived "Grandma" Parker, a frontier herb doctor who brewed medicinal teas in a great pot over an open fire and walked miles across dangerous country to tend the sick. She made her home here for more than a decade before failing eyesight forced her to sell the cabin in 1888. Her story preserves the memory of the self-taught healers who served isolated settlements before formal medicine arrived.

Cuero, TX

Nancy Shows was among the pioneer settlers of the DeWitt County frontier in the 1850s, where her husband Adam Shows built the nearby Hebron Church around 1855. Mother of eight children, she represents the settler families who put down the first roots — homes, churches, and cemeteries — in this stretch of early Texas.

Beaumont, TX

In 1825 Nancy Nixon Tevis and her husband Noah settled a bluff on the Neches, becoming the first known Anglo-Americans there and later receiving a Republic of Texas land grant covering much of what became Beaumont. Widowed young, Nancy held her ground with eight children through the Runaway Scrape of 1836, ran a profitable ferry, and joined with others in 1837 to found the town — renaming it from Tevis Bluff to Beaumont. Fiercely protective of her rights, she once appealed directly to President Sam Houston over a land dispute.

Naples, TX

When the railroad bypassed the prosperous town of Wheatville, a rival community sprang up beside the tracks and inherited its momentum. The post office moved here in 1882 as "Station Belden," then was renamed Naples in 1895. As the surrounding hardwood forests were logged out, the local economy shifted back to cattle and farming.

Burnet, TX

Settlers reached the Naruna area as early as the 1840s, and the town took its name from the riverboat that carried its first postmaster to Texas. In 1877 residents organized Providence Baptist Church under Ira Reese, holding baptisms in Deer Creek and later sharing a sanctuary with local Masons. Renamed Naruna Baptist Church in 1932, it endured even after the railroad bypassed the town and thinned its population.

Grapevine, TX

Established in 1859 by Kentucky migrants Thomas Jefferson Nash and his wife Elizabeth, this 450-acre farm is one of the last surviving nineteenth-century agrarian sites in North Texas. During the Civil War the Nash brothers left to serve with Confederate troops while Elizabeth and the children kept the farm; all returned to expand their holdings. The 1869 I-house, a crib barn, cistern, and family cemetery still stand, and in 1888 the Nashes gave right-of-way to the Cotton Belt Railroad that spurred the region's growth.

East Columbia, TX

East Columbia began in 1823 as Bell's Landing, a town in Stephen F. Austin's colony founded by Josiah H. Bell. The oldest part of this house was raised about 1847 on cedar pole framing by George Lewis Nash, whose family lived here some forty-five years. Merchant James P. Wright's wife Martha bought and expanded it in 1892, and their descendants preserve it still.

Round Top, TX

Purchased in 1843 by the German Emigration Society, or Adelsverein, the 4,428-acre Nassau Plantation was named for Duke Adolf of Nassau and became one of the show places of early Texas. Though Prince Carl of Solms-Braunfels rejected it as a colonist way station—fearing German settlers might lose their culture near non-German neighbors—it hosted his lavish horse races and feasts, and quieter visits by his successor, John O. Meusebach. Never colonized, the two-story oak plantation grew cotton before the bankrupt society sold it in 1848, and it was later divided among German farming families.

West Columbia, TX

Nathaniel C. Hazen arrived in Texas in January 1836, at the height of the revolution against Mexico. Captured with James Fannin's command, he was led out to be executed in the Goliad massacre of March 27, 1836, yet managed to escape that mass killing. He went on to fight at the decisive Battle of San Jacinto in Captain William H. Patton's company, only to die in Columbia before the year was out.

City of Rochester, NY

Colonel Nathaniel Rochester was a Revolutionary War veteran and Maryland landholder who, in the early 19th century, purchased a tract of land along the Genesee River and laid out the settlement that would grow into the booming flour-milling city bearing his name. This small park in the South Wedge neighborhood was dedicated in 2008 to honor that founder while celebrating the diverse community that thrives there today. The marker links Rochester's frontier-era origins to the everyday life of one of its historic close-knit neighborhoods.

Garrett County, MD · est. 1947

The National Road was the nation's first federally funded highway, championed by Treasury Secretary Albert Gallatin as a link binding the young country to its western territories. Construction began at Cumberland, Maryland, in 1811 and reached Wheeling on the Ohio by 1818, carrying settlers, freight, and mail deep into the interior. After 1835 the states ran it as a toll road for seventy years, and in the automobile age it was rebuilt as U.S. Route 40.

Redstone Township, PA · est. 1948

The National Road was the country's first federally funded highway, championed by Treasury Secretary Albert Gallatin as a way to bind the eastern seaboard to the growing western settlements. Construction began at Cumberland, Maryland, in 1811 and reached Wheeling on the Ohio River by 1818. Later handed to state control as a toll road from 1835 to 1905, its route was eventually rebuilt as U.S. Route 40.

Buffalo Township, PA · est. 1949

Championed by Treasury Secretary Albert Gallatin, the National Road was the young nation's first federally funded highway, begun at Cumberland, Maryland, in 1811 and reaching Wheeling on the Ohio River by 1818. It opened a reliable overland artery for settlers, freight, and mail streaming toward the western frontier, and was later maintained as a state-run toll road from 1835 to 1905. Rebuilt in the automobile age, its route survives as U.S. Route 40.

South Union Township, PA · est. 1996

Authorized in 1806, the National Road was the nation's first federally funded highway, carrying settlers, freight, and mail west across the Appalachians toward the growing Midwest. For nearly half a century, until railroads eclipsed it in the 1850s, thousands crossed Chestnut Ridge here in southwestern Pennsylvania. The village of Hopwood, founded in 1791, thrived as a busy resting stop for travelers moving in both directions.

Corsicana, TX

Carved from Robertson County in the spring of 1846, Navarro County was born in the first months of Texas statehood and named for José Antonio Navarro — a Tejano soldier and statesman who signed the Texas Declaration of Independence and helped write the state's early framework. Corsicana was fixed as its county seat. The marker records the moment a stretch of blackland prairie became an organized part of the new state.

Corsicana, TX

Created by the first Texas Legislature in 1846 and named for independence signer José Antonio Navarro, Navarro County shuffled through a string of makeshift courthouses — settlers' homes, a log cabin, a building that burned in 1855, and an ornate 1880 design that was condemned by 1904 for being too small and structurally unsound. The present courthouse, designed by Dallas architect J. E. Flanders and finished in 1905, rose in red Burnet granite and gray brick in the grand Beaux Arts Classical Revival style, crowned by a clock dome and a columned entry. Its history is the story of a frontier county growing into permanence.

Dawson, TX

A flour mill built in the 1860s on the waters of Rock Creek drew pioneer farmers from miles around, who sometimes waited days to grind their wheat into a luxury reserved for Sunday breads and special occasions. Bought in 1867 by John Summers and sons, the mill anchored a growing village of store, school, blacksmith, and post office, with Confederate veterans among its leaders. Though the mill closed in 1881 and the post office soon after, the church, cemetery, and tabernacle still mark the historic community.

Schulenburg, TX

In 1853 Seth and Caroline Hazel deeded land for the Navidad Baptist Church and its cemetery, serving the pioneer community of Lyons, which had grown up in the 1840s on a grant first made to Kesiah Crier in 1831. When the railroad drew business north to Schulenburg in the 1870s, Lyons withered away, but its cemetery endured. Among those buried here are early Texas pioneers—including relatives of Stephen F. Austin's Old Three Hundred—and veterans of conflicts reaching back to the Texas Revolution.

Eagle Lake, TX

From 1829 through the Civil War, hopeful Texans tried to turn the meandering Colorado River into a highway for cotton, hides, and lumber, only to be defeated by "the raft" — a miles-long tangle of sunken and floating timber choking the river near its mouth. The keelboat David Crockett managed the first navigation in 1838, but goods still had to be unloaded and hauled by wagon around the obstruction to Matagorda. Despite chartered clearing companies and a state-authorized bypass channel, the raft endured until faster railroads made river shipping obsolete.

Moscow, TX

John Wesley Hardin, born in 1853 as the son of a Methodist minister, grew up in this part of East Texas and became one of the most notorious gunmen of the Old West, credited with killing dozens of men. A fierce Southern partisan, his violent resistance to Reconstruction-era Union occupation troops made him a folk hero to some and launched a lawless career; he always insisted he shot only in self-defense. He was finally killed in El Paso in 1895.

Point Blank, TX

Born in Georgia in 1795, George Tyler Wood came to Texas in 1839 and rose through the Republic's Congress, the 1845 Annexation Convention, and the first state Senate, which he left to fight in the Mexican War. As governor from 1847 to 1849 he rallied defenses against frontier raids, urged public schools and land sales to pay the state debt, and had Texas's laws codified, its library founded, and its penitentiary built. He is buried near here.

Crabbs Prairie, TX

Mark Manning was born in 1750 and served in the American Revolution from the Halifax District of his native North Carolina. Living to a remarkable old age, he came to Texas at the age of 97 to join sons who held large land grants and helped settle Walker County—sons who had themselves fought in the Texas Revolution. Manning was one of some twenty or thirty Revolutionary War veterans who followed the nation's westward movement all the way to Texas, and he is buried in a nearby family cemetery.

Manchester, TX

On December 2, 1832, Sam Houston crossed the Red River at the old Jonesboro Crossing and set foot on Texas soil for the first time, arriving as an envoy of President Andrew Jackson. The future hero of San Jacinto and president of the Republic entered a Mexican Texas already stirring toward revolution.