Westward Expansion

Shelby, TX

David Shelby, born in Pennsylvania in 1799, came to Texas in 1822 as part of Stephen F. Austin's first colony—the "Old Three Hundred" families who founded Anglo-American settlement in what was then Mexican Texas. His arrival at the very start of that colonization effort links him to the earliest wave of pioneers whose community later took his name. The State of Texas erected this marker in 1936 during the state's centennial commemorations.

Waco, TX

David Smith Kornegay was a soldier of the Texas Revolution who fought at the decisive Battle of San Jacinto in 1836 and later escaped the deadly Dawson Massacre of 1842. Born in North Carolina in 1810, he came to Texas in its founding struggle and died in 1856. The State of Texas erected this marker in 1936 during the centennial of independence.

McHenry County, ND

David Thompson, born in 1770, was one of the greatest land geographers of his age, a fur trader who mapped vast stretches of the northern interior with astonishing accuracy. In 1797 and 1798 he passed through this region on a scientific and trading expedition, taking the astronomical observations that let him chart the country that would become North Dakota. Working for the fur companies of British North America, he ultimately surveyed and mapped nearly two million square miles of terrain.

Barry, TX

David Wilson Campbell left Georgia for a still-young, still-contested Texas in 1835, arriving just as the fight for independence from Mexico was breaking open. He shouldered a musket with the Texas army in 1836, then traded soldiering for the plow, breaking ground as one of Navarro County's early farmers. In 1845 he deeded ten acres to the Harmony Methodist Church, and a corner of that gift became the family cemetery where generations of Campbells now rest.

Harrison Township, PA · est. 1947

In October 1767, the Moravian missionary David Zeisberger made his way through this unbroken wilderness on a journey from Bethlehem toward the Delaware communities of the west. A tireless figure of colonial Pennsylvania, Zeisberger spent decades living among Native peoples and learning their languages. His passage through these primeval forests marked one of the first recorded European crossings of the region.

Allegany Township, PA · est. 1947

In October 1767, Moravian missionary David Zeisberger traveled through this remote stretch of forest, bound from Bethlehem toward the Delaware communities to the west. Renowned for living among Native peoples and mastering their languages, Zeisberger devoted his life to missions on the frontier. His route through this untouched country was among the earliest recorded European journeys across the region.

Gatesville, TX

Matt Davidson came from Tennessee to the Milam-era Texas frontier in 1852, married one of Coryell County's first couples, and after Confederate service built a log home on Coryell Creek. Land overlooking his homestead became the community burial ground, its earliest marked grave dating to 1862. Around it grew a whole settlement—schools, a post office, churches, and stores—and its more than 600 graves hold veterans of every war from the Civil War through Vietnam.

Corsicana, TX

William and Jane Davidson brought their family from Mississippi to Texas in 1851, settling by the late 1850s on hundreds of acres in southeastern Navarro County. The Davidsons prospered as sheep farmers and ranchers in cattle country—earning the nickname "Grangers" for their likely ties to the farmers' fraternal order—while two sons rode off to serve in the 20th Texas Cavalry during the Civil War. Set aside in 1861, this fenced family plot with its stone obelisks holds the graves of the pioneer parents and several of their descendants.

Davilla, TX

This congregation traces its roots to 1866, when a presbytery gathered at Mumford Springs to organize a Missionary Baptist church in what is now Davilla. After borrowing the Methodist meeting house, the members bought a town lot and raised their own sanctuary in 1871, baptizing early converts in nearby creeks. Known as Davilla Baptist Church since 1904, the congregation worshipped in that original building for 121 years before dedicating a new sanctuary in 1992.

Austin, TX

George W. Davis brought his family to Texas in 1835, on the eve of revolution. He fought in Captain Mosely Baker's company at the Battle of San Jacinto while his wife Emiline sheltered their children on the Sabine River during the Runaway Scrape. Davis received a large land patent in 1841 and built a home near this burial ground, which holds Davis family members and neighbors and is still cared for by descendants.

Grapeland, TX

Established around 1862, this Houston County burial ground took root in the heart of the Civil War, when East Texas was a Confederate homefront far from the fighting but bound up in its losses. Set among the farms and pine woods of Grapeland, it reflects the settlement of the region by families who had pushed into East Texas in the antebellum decades. Its Historic Texas Cemetery designation preserves that link to the war years.

Jasper, TX

This cemetery lies within the 1280-acre grant given to Elizabeth Davis in 1841; believed to be of Indian heritage, she had brought her three children from Georgia to Jasper County in 1836. Local tradition holds that a sick Indian child she took in was the first buried here, though the oldest marked grave is that of Elizabeth Davis Kelly, who died in 1873. Once a family plot, the ground opened to the wider community as sawmills and logging arrived, and it now holds more than 370 graves, including citizens of the Republic of Texas and Civil War veterans.

Larue, TX

Named for the pioneering Davis family, who reached Henderson County before the Civil War, this graveyard has served its rural corner since the mid-1800s on land deeded by J.J. Deupree in 1883. It is closely tied to the Baxter community, which became a station on the Texas and New Orleans Railroad by 1901 and soon had stores, churches, cotton gins, and a school. Among those buried here are a county sheriff, a county chief justice reinterred from an earlier grave, and veterans of conflicts reaching back to the Civil War.

McKinney, TX

John N. Davis, a traveling buggy salesman, and his wife Maggie (Hamilton) built this L-plan vernacular house in 1902, where all seven of their children were born—though only three reached adulthood. After Maggie's death in 1908, her mother Cornelia Allen Hamilton moved in to help raise the family. The home, with its front bay and wraparound porch, stayed in the Davis family until 1978.

New York, TX

In 1856, Davis Reynolds hauled his family — and several enslaved people — by wagon and on foot from Gordon County, Georgia, to Henderson County, Texas. Optimistic about its future, he named his settlement New York and donated land for the community's first cemetery, where his daughter's 1863 burial was the first marked grave. His hopes for a great city faded when the railroad bypassed New York in 1901, but the church, cemetery, and family store still endure.

Denison, TX

Around 1840, blacksmith Micajah C. Davis (1790–1860), one of Grayson County's founders, raised this cabin of hand-hewn oak logs at the Iron Ore Creek settlement near present Denison. Passing to the Ansley family in 1870 and occupied by their descendants into the 1950s, the pioneer home was later donated to the Old Settlers Village to be preserved.

Crockett, TX

This park honors the frontier legend Davy Crockett, whose name the town of Crockett carries; the young Republic of Texas incorporated the town in December 1837, the same year it created Houston County in honor of General Sam Houston. Dedicated in 1937 during the state's centennial era, the park roots a modern community in the heroic memory of Texas independence. The marker records the civic leaders who oversaw its founding a century after the Republic took shape.

Hutchins, TX

Illinois-born Alanson Dawdy reached Dallas County in 1847 and, in 1854, was licensed to run a ferry across the Trinity River—then the southernmost crossing in the area. For citizens on both banks it was a vital link, charging a dollar for a fully loaded wagon down to a nickel for a person on foot, and it operated until about 1876, a dozen years before the first permanent bridge went in. Dawdy himself was a veteran of both the Mexican and Civil Wars.

Lamesa, TX

Dawson County honors Nicholas Mosby Dawson, a Texas patriot who fought at the decisive Battle of San Jacinto in 1836 and later fell in the 1842 clash known as Dawson's Massacre during the turbulent years of the Republic of Texas. The county was created in 1858, recreated in 1876 from Bexar Territory, and finally organized in 1905, with Lamesa as its seat. Its name carries the memory of the sacrifices that won and defended Texas independence.

Lyon County, NV

Dayton is among the oldest settlements in Nevada, born as a riverside resting spot where California-bound emigrants paused after crossing the desert. In 1849 Abner Blackburn plucked a gold nugget from the mouth of Gold Canyon, sparking the prospecting that a decade later uncovered the fabulous Comstock ore bodies at Gold Hill and Virginia City. The town cycled through several names before settling on Dayton in 1861, honoring John Day, who surveyed its streets, and it thrived for decades as a milling and trading hub and as the Lyon County seat until 1911.

Lyon County, NV

Founded in 1851, Dayton Cemetery is one of the oldest continuously maintained burial grounds in Nevada, sited beside the emigrant trail to the California gold fields whose wagon ruts can still be traced nearby. The town grew from an 1849 gold discovery in Gold Canyon and was named in 1861 for surveyor John Day; that same year Lyman Crockett dug the cemetery's first grave. Among those buried here is James Finney, "Old Virginny," the namesake of Virginia City, alongside many Italian American families who farmed the Carson River bottoms to feed the Comstock.

Lyon County, NV

Dayton holds the site of Nevada's first Chinatown, settled as hundreds of thousands of immigrants from China, Japan, and Korea crossed the Pacific in the mid-nineteenth century — pushed by upheaval at home and pulled by the promise of gold and work in the Rocky Mountain West. In August 1857, Edward Rose hired Dayton's Chinese laborers to dig the four-mile Rose Ditch, carrying water from the Carson River to the placer miners at Gold Canyon. Facing steady discrimination but drawn by the work, they mined the canyon and settled along the river, and the community remained a vital hub for Chinese Americans in Nevada into the 1880s.

Sunnyvale, CA

In 1775–1776, Lt. Colonel Juan Bautista de Anza led a Spanish expedition, authorized by King Carlos III, to colonize the San Francisco Bay Area. The overland journey brought settlers hundreds of miles across the deserts and mountains of the Southwest to establish a lasting Spanish presence on the northern frontier of New Spain.

DeKalb, TX

De Kalb was named for Revolutionary War hero Maj. Gen. Johann de Kalb at the 1836 suggestion of David Crockett, who passed through on his way to fight in the Texas Revolution, as did James Fannin and William B. Travis. Settled by 1831, the town claimed the first college in Bowie County (1839), an early Masonic lodge, and a brief turn as county seat, and it sat on early stage lines and, later, the Texas & Pacific Railroad. Sawmills and, legend says, the nearby hideouts of outlaws like Sam Bass and Jesse James all figure in its lively frontier story.

Floresville, TX

On a bluff above the San Antonio River, this cemetery served the vanished trading community of Lodi. Its namesake, Nemencio de la Zerda, Sr., born in San Antonio in 1808, was a rancher and former soldier under Tejano leader Juan Seguín who bought the land in 1839. The earliest marked grave dates to 1877, though older unmarked burials are believed to lie here, and Spanish-language headstones and interior fencing reflect its Mexican American heritage.

Victoria, TX

Laid out by Martín De León, the empresario who founded Victoria in the 1820s, this square began life as the Plaza de la Constitución, patterned on the central plazas of traditional Spanish municipalities. His son-in-law José M. Carbajal expanded the plan in an 1830s survey, and over the decades the square gained a brick-lined well, a windmill, a bandstand, and Pompeo Coppini's 1912 Confederate memorial. In 1941 the United Daughters of the Confederacy led a beautification effort that renamed it De León Plaza in honor of the city's founder.

Yorktown, TX

DeWitt County was carved in 1846 from Gonzales, Victoria, and Goliad counties and organized that July with Cameron as its first seat. It honors Green De Witt, the Kentucky-born empresario whose colonization contract helped plant Anglo-American settlement in the region before his death in Mexico in 1835. The marker fixes a moment when the newly annexed state of Texas was drawing its county lines.

Cuero, TX

This ground lay within Green De Witt's 1825 empresario grant and became DeWitt County in 1846, its seat shifting from Cameron to Clinton and finally to Cuero in 1876. Settled first by Anglo-Americans and, by 1860, half by German immigrants, the county sent its men into nearly every fight of the Texas Revolution — the Alamo, Goliad, Gonzales, and San Jacinto among them. The marker rolls out a long honor list of the pioneers and soldiers who founded and defended it.

Cuero, TX

DeWitt County was organized in 1846, and after its seat shifted from Cameron to Clinton and finally to Cuero, a series of courthouses served its citizens. The present Richardsonian Romanesque courthouse rose from 1894 to 1896, a three-story sandstone and granite building crowned by a six-story clock tower and modeled on H. H. Richardson's celebrated Allegheny County Courthouse. Rededicated in 2007 in a ceremony echoing its 1896 original, it remains the county's civic centerpiece.

San Jacinto, TX

This plaza honors Lorenzo de Zavala, the Yucatán-born liberal who was jailed for years for his politics, taught himself English and medicine in prison, and served in the Spanish Cortes and as a Mexican governor before opposing Santa Anna's dictatorship. Loyal to Mexico's 1824 Constitution, he moved to Texas, signed its Declaration of Independence in 1836, and became the Republic's first vice-president; he, his descendants, and neighbors lie in the family cemetery across Buffalo Bayou.

Comstock, TX

This narrow canyon guarded one of the most feared stretches of the San Antonio–El Paso road, the overland lifeline that carried Forty-Niners and freighters toward California after the Gold Rush. Named by 1849 after a deadly ambush on Dr. Lyon's wagon train, it became notorious for raids and killings; freighter August Santleben later tallied nearly 400 deaths along the wider frontier road. The Army built Camp Hudson on the Devils River in 1857 to protect travelers, yet the pass was still considered dangerous into the early 1880s.

Carthage, TX

The community of Deadwood took root in the 1830s with the Adam LaGrone family, and its burial ground began in 1847 when Adam's wife Christeena died; he was laid beside her nine years later. Though not formally recorded as a public cemetery until 1859, it was already serving the settlement, and descendants of those pioneer families maintain it yet.

Laredo, TX

On March 17, 1837, Erastus "Deaf" Smith—the celebrated scout of the Texas Revolution, now a captain of scouts for the young Republic of Texas—led just 21 men against a larger force of Mexican cavalry from the Laredo garrison near this spot. The sharp encounter was one of many border skirmishes that flared along the contested Rio Grande frontier after San Jacinto. Smith, famously hard of hearing, was among the most trusted frontiersmen of the Texas cause.

Hereford, TX

Created in 1876 and organized in 1890, this Panhandle county honors Erastus "Deaf" Smith, the celebrated scout and spy of the Texas Revolution who distinguished himself for bravery at the Battle of San Jacinto. Its county seat began as La Plata — often called Grenada — before Hereford took the role in 1899.

Hereford, TX

Hereford's 1910 courthouse rose in brick faced with marble, inside and out, at a cost of $125,000 and was celebrated as only the second marble courthouse built in the United States. Its approval came only after a bruising bond-issue election, and the victors marked their win by parading down Main Street behind a band led by Judge John Slaton. It stands as a proud statement of civic ambition in the young Texas Panhandle.

Denaville, TX

Deanville grew up on the Texas prairie in the years after the Civil War, when merchant James L. Dean laid out a town in 1872 beside a branch of the great Chisholm Trail, the dusty highway up which millions of longhorns were driven to northern railheads. A post office followed in 1877, and when the Houston & Texas Central pushed its rails through in 1913 the little community gained a lifeline to wider markets. The Sons of Hermann lodge, organized in 1916, kept the town's social calendar alive with its long-running Fourth of July celebration.

DeBerry, TX

This East Texas fellowship traces its origins to the pioneer Bell-Fountain Baptist Church, organized before the Civil War. When fire destroyed the Bell-Fountain chapel in 1880, its members formed two new congregations—Shady Grove and DeBerry—the latter building its first sanctuary on donated land under its first pastor. The church has served the DeBerry community for well over a century.

Decatur, TX

Organized in 1862 amid the upheaval of the Civil War, this was Decatur's first congregation, with early services held in a vacant store on the town square and in the home of pioneer members who had migrated from Missouri. The fellowship built its first sanctuary in 1881 on land deeded by the county, rebuilt after an 1890s fire, and completed its present brick sanctuary by Easter 1914. Its story tracks the settling of Wise County from wartime hardship into a growing community.

Boyd, TX

Settled around 1854 by pioneers Sam Woody and Tom McCarroll and soon joined by neighbors from East Texas, Deep Creek grew into a farming community raising cotton, corn, and cattle, with a Baptist church that doubled as a schoolhouse. Its cemetery holds Civil War veterans and the grave of Sally Bowman, killed in an 1868 Indian raid — a reminder of frontier peril. Generations later the community even inspired a nationally performed ballet, "Winter at Deep Creek."

South Lebanon, OH

In the years just after the Revolution, pioneers pushed into the Ohio country, and the settlement that became Deerfield took root around 1795 in the Little Miami valley of what is now Warren County. Benjamin Stites laid out the town in 1802, and among its first residents were veterans of both the Revolution and the War of 1812, men who had traded muskets for plows on the young republic's frontier. As the community matured it folded into Union Township in 1815, took the name South Lebanon in 1871, and grew an industrial side — powder works and food businesses that gave the village a working economy well into the industrial age.

Delhi, TX

Orrin and Susannah Winters and their kin were the first known permanent settlers here, and by 1873 the community was large enough to seek a post office. Postal officials rejected the settlers' first choice, Iron Mountain, but accepted Delhi, said locally to honor a wandering patent-medicine salesman who once entertained the pioneers. Churches, a school, cotton gins, and assorted trades followed in the 1880s.

Floydada, TX

Della Plain sprang up in 1887 when a Baylor County rancher, driven by drought, founded a settlement here on the South Plains and named it for a benefactor's daughter. It quickly gained a school, church, post office, stores, and even a newspaper, hoping to become the county seat—but a poor water supply and the rise of nearby Lockney and Floydada doomed it, and by 1894 only the cemetery remained.

Clinton, UT

On October 10, 1905, Swiss-German immigrants Emil and Mary Dellenbach first looked upon the barren forty-acre homestead in Clinton, Utah, that they would turn into a farm and a family home. Their story is a small, vivid version of the immigrant experience that filled the American West — newcomers staking everything on hard, unpromising ground and dedicating themselves to a new life. Part of the old farm is now preserved as a heritage site honoring their labor.

Delta Charter Township, MI

Delta Township's Methodists trace their congregation to 1837, when settlers on Michigan's still-raw frontier gathered to worship in a log schoolhouse — the multipurpose civic building of a young farming community. For years they were served by circuit riders, the itinerant Methodist preachers who covered vast territories on horseback to reach scattered settlers. The little class of two families organized in 1842 and grew steadily, gaining its first resident minister, the Reverend J. Gulic, in 1865.

Cooper, TX

Carved from parts of Lamar and Hopkins counties, Delta County was created on July 29, 1870, and organized that October during the Reconstruction era. Its name reflects its triangular shape, wedged between the forks of the Sulphur River, with the town of Cooper chosen as county seat.

Loretto, PA · est. 1947

Demetrius Gallitzin was a Russian prince who renounced a life of aristocratic ease to become a Catholic priest on the American frontier, founding the colony of Loretto in 1799. He labored among the settlers of the Allegheny highlands for four decades until his death in 1840, and St. Michael's Church stands on the site of his original chapel. His tomb here honors one of the most unusual missionaries in early American history.

Blessing, TX

A wooden bridge built across the Tres Palacios River in 1857 for landowner Edward A. Deming gave rise to a gathering place for the settlers of western Matagorda County, complete with a Baptist church, post office, and Masonic hall. When the railroad drew people to nearby Blessing around the turn of the century, the community's institutions followed and the old crossing faded. Its cemetery endures, holding the graves of famed cattlemen Abel Head "Shanghai" Pierce and his brother Jonathan Edwards Pierce.

Grand County, UT

Carved into rock on the 3rd of May, 1836, this simple inscription — 'D. Julien' with the date — was left by Denis Julien, a French-American fur trapper and trader who roamed the canyon country of what is now Utah. Julien left a scattering of such inscriptions across the region, among the earliest surviving marks of a non-Native traveler in these remote canyons, decades before organized American settlement. Each one is a rare, dated trace of the fur-trade era's lone wanderers.

Hughes Springs, TX

Allen and Eliza Ann Dennis were among the first families to settle this corner of Cass County, buying the surrounding land in 1856. When Eliza Ann died in 1873 she was buried on the family farm, her husband laid beside her in 1880, and the plot grew — enlarged by a gift from the Smith family — into a community graveyard. More than three hundred people rest here, including pioneers of families like the Smiths, Masons, and Nelsons, many in unmarked graves, with the burial ground still tended by an association formed in 1976.

Cresson, TX

N.M. Dennis left Boston for Parker County in the 1890s and founded a small community on the Brazos, where in 1907 this sanctuary rose on land he donated. Church life was community life: summer revivals in an adjacent tabernacle, "dinner on the grounds" and afternoon singing after Sunday services, and "poundings" that welcomed new pastors with gifts of food by the pound. As the population thinned in the 1960s the congregation dwindled and disbanded in 1970, and the building was moved here and renamed Founder's Chapel in 1976.

Houston County, TX

Joseph Denson came to Texas from Alabama in the 1830s among the Predestination Baptists who followed Elder Daniel Parker to Houston County. Around 1851 he married Caroline Houston, a niece of Sam Houston, and the couple raised eleven children on their farm. From that land he set aside a burial ground, becoming its first marked interment, and the family still gathers there for an annual homecoming.

Grapeland vicinity, TX

John Denson arrived in this area in 1835 with his parents, hardshell Predestination Baptists who had traveled with the noted frontier preacher Elder Daniel Parker. In 1837 John added his name to the petition that created Houston County, and he raised his family in a log house on Bennett Creek beside his wife, whose first husband was said to be kin to Sam Houston. As relatives died they were buried near the home, with the last of some eighteen graves filled in 1890.

Slocum, TX

Settlers reached this area—known as Ioni after a nearby Indian village—in the early 1830s, and the land was granted to James Bradshaw in 1835. The cemetery began in 1851 with the burial of the infant son of Kindred and Diana (Bradshaw) Watkins near the family home, growing from a family plot into a community graveyard renamed Denson Springs in 1878. Set in a grove of trees, it holds marked and unmarked pioneer graves and the resting places of veterans of the Civil War, World War I, and World War II.

Denton, TX

Denton County was carved from Fannin County in April 1846 and organized that July, both town and county named for John B. Denton — a pioneer preacher, lawyer, and Indian fighter who died in 1841. The county seat wandered from Pinckneyville to Alton before settling permanently at Denton in 1850. The marker records the restless early years of a North Texas frontier county finding its footing.

Denton, TX

Completed in 1896–97, this is Denton County's fifth courthouse, following earlier seats at Alton and Pinckneyville and a Denton predecessor burned in a crime blamed on the Sam Bass gang. Architect W.C. Dodson designed it in a free mix of Victorian styles, with French Second Empire pavilions and ogival domes, using native limestone walls and Burnet County marble columns. It remains a landmark of frontier-era Texas civic architecture.

Snyder, TX

Dermott is a West Texas town that chased the railroads. It began as a crossroads community called Dark, took its later name from storekeeper and postmaster S. P. McDermott, and physically picked up and moved twice — in 1909 to the Roscoe, Snyder & Pacific line and again in 1915 to the Santa Fe. With competing railroads and full loading pens, it became a busy cattle-shipping point, faded when the R.S. & P. tracks were pulled up in 1942, then revived during the county's late-1940s oil boom.

Derry Township, PA · est. 1948

Founded in 1729, Derry Church grew from the Scots-Irish Presbyterian settlement that spread across the Pennsylvania backcountry in the early 1700s. Its first pastor, William Bertram, was installed in 1732 by the Donegal Presbytery, and in 1741 the sons of William Penn patented its wooded grove to the congregation. The surrounding churchyard is remembered as the oldest pioneer graveyard in the region.

Desdemona, TX

Serving the frontier community of Desdemona since J. S. and Rosa Jones deeded an acre for a public graveyard in 1880, this cemetery holds pioneer settlers, Civil War and world-war veterans, a physician who served the area for fifty years, and children lost young. When oil gushers surrounded the grounds in 1918, the boom brought sudden wealth—and new residents—to the very families buried among its oaks.

Desdemona, TX

Nine charter members organized this Baptist congregation in 1872, beginning with brush-arbor meetings under the Spanish oaks along Hog Creek where the Rev. Johnnie Northcutt preached to settlers who came by wagon, horseback, and foot. First called Rockdale Baptist Church, it built a sanctuary in the village of Desdemona and took the town's name around 1877. When oil was discovered and Desdemona boomed by 1919, the congregation fled the crowded conditions to build a new home at this site in 1921–22.

Lyon County, NV

About a mile south lie the remains of Desert Well Station, a typical stage stop of the 1843–1869 era that bridged the age of emigrant wagon trains and the transcontinental railroad. Later known as Nelson's, it won a measure of fame when Mark Twain recounted his stop there in Roughing It. The original site had two wells, an inn, and corrals—one well reserved for the camels famously brought to the Nevada desert to haul salt to the Comstock mines.