Westward Expansion

Round Point, TX

South Carolinian Anson Taylor settled this point on Trinity Bay as early as 1828, bringing his wife and children from Tennessee to the Mexican province of Texas. Three of the Taylor sons would die at the Alamo in the fight for independence. The land later passed to Thomas Jefferson Chambers—namesake of the county and a figure of endless legal disputes—before clear title returned to Taylor's heirs, and the site drew still more ownership battles into the 20th century.

Round Rock, TX

Settlement gathered here in the late 1830s, and by mid-century former Austin mayor Jacob Harrell was selling lots near the Stagecoach Road crossing at Brushy Creek. A post office opened in 1851, and the community soon renamed itself Round Rock for a distinctive limestone ford; immigration from several states and Sweden doubled its population in the 1850s. When the railroad built a new townsite to the east in 1876, "New Town" quickly eclipsed the old settlement, and Round Rock briefly rivaled Austin as a commercial hub before growing, a century later, into one of the nation's fastest-expanding cities.

Round Rock, TX

Established in the early 1850s, this burial ground holds more than 2,000 graves, its oldest legible stone marking eleven-year-old Angeline Scott in 1851. A half-acre served as a segregated burial ground for enslaved people and freedmen in the nineteenth century, and among the veterans and pioneers rests outlaw Sam Bass, who died here in 1878 two days after being shot by Texas Rangers. The cemetery's roll of doctors, ministers, and tradesmen reads like a directory of early Round Rock.

Round Rock, TX

When Round Rock organized its Hose and Hand Pump Company in 1884, a young Texas town had no municipal budget for firefighting, so residents paid for equipment the neighborly way — through picnics, dances, box suppers, and donations. The volunteers put up their first dedicated firehouse in 1892 and, around 1934, motorized the operation with a Model T Ford chassis. It endures as one of the oldest volunteer fire departments in the state.

Seymour, TX

Named for a nearby clump of oaks by the Salt Fork of the Brazos, Round Timber became Baylor County's first permanent Anglo settlement when three families arrived in 1874, soon adding a store, blacksmith, school and eventually a church. Baptist worship grew from non-denominational Sunday services into a congregation that took the Round Timber name in 1898 and, in 1934, bought a shared community building first raised by the Methodists. The church closed in the early 1960s, but descendants still gather each year at the community cemetery.

Seymour, TX

Named for its round clumps of oaks, Round Timber was first pioneered in 1863 but soon abandoned to Native resistance, then reopened in 1874 to become the first permanent settlement in Baylor County. A post office opened in 1879, and by the 1880s the town had stores, a school, a church, and craftsmen's shops. Its cemetery, dating from 1870, still marks the site of this pioneering community.

Round Top, TX

Standing on the route of the Old San Felipe Trail, this monument honors the pioneers of the Round Top vicinity who fought for Texas independence. It names veterans of the Battle of San Jacinto and the Battle of Velasco, along with men of the Santa Fe, Snively, and Mier expeditions that followed in the turbulent Republic years. Several members of the Townsend family are among those remembered.

Athens, TX

Named for a family that settled Henderson County around 1857, this burial ground has served the Flat Creek community since just after the Civil War. Arba Monroe Rounsavall, who ran a gristmill and later a cotton gin, owned the land and lies here with his wife, as does his son James, a farmer and school trustee. Though the earliest marked grave dates to 1875, an unmarked pioneer burial may reach back to the 1860s among the vertical stones and entry arch.

Beeville, TX

Joseph Gustave Rountree bought this Bee County land in 1875 and planned a house he did not live to build. After his death in 1880, his young widow Elizabeth Cornelia raised the home in 1881 with her father's help, using Florida pine hauled from Rockport and local caliche stone hardened by the air. The sturdy structure has weathered major storms and remains in the hands of Rountree descendants.

Claude, TX

In 1541 Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, having found only Native pueblos instead of the fabled golden Cities of Cíbola, pressed on across the Texas Panhandle toward another rumored kingdom, Quivira. His expedition crossed these plains and canyons before turning north into Kansas, where the promised riches again failed to appear, sending him back to Mexico in 1542. The route threaded through the dramatic country around Palo Duro and Tule Canyon.

San Antonio, TX

El Camino Real, the "King's Highway," followed ancient Indian and buffalo trails and stretched roughly a thousand miles from Mexico to Louisiana, its central section blessed by Domingo Terán de los Ríos, Texas's first governor, in 1691. For generations priests, soldiers, traders, and settlers traveled this "Trail of the Padres" linking the Spanish missions of East Texas, and San Antonio grew as a major stop along it. Moses Austin followed the road here in 1820 seeking colonization rights, and later Anglo settlers knew it as the "old San Antonio Road"; in 1915 the state and groups like the DAR marked its route with granite posts.

Gonzales, TX

In March 1836, reeling from news that the Alamo had fallen and facing an advancing Mexican army, Sam Houston assembled the core of his Texan force at Gonzales. On March 13 he ordered the town burned to deny it to the enemy and began the long eastward retreat later called the Runaway Scrape. Six weeks later, on April 21, that army won independence at the Battle of San Jacinto.

Booker, TX

Opened around 1874, the Jones & Plummer Trail began as a freight route hauling buffalo hides north from the Texas Panhandle to the railhead at Dodge City, Kansas. In the same violent year it carried supplies to the U.S. Army campaign against the Southern Plains tribes and hauled materials to build Fort Elliott near Mobeetie. As the buffalo vanished and ranching took hold, the old hide road became a cattle trail before fading out around 1885.

Canadian, TX

In 1849 the resourceful Army Captain R. B. Marcy blazed this overland route across the Texas Panhandle, best known as a branch of the great California gold trail carrying emigrants west. His wagon roads were later eyed in 1853 as the path for the nation's first transcontinental railroad, until the Civil War pushed that dream to northern routes. The trail's importance faded once the railroad finally reached the county in 1887.

Big Spring, TX

In October 1849, Captain Randolph B. Marcy led an Army escort guarding gold-rush emigrants west and, following a chain of springs known to his Comanche guide Manuel, mapped a route that reached the Big Spring. His survey helped explode the myth that West Texas was an impassable desert. The trail he charted was later worn by emigrant wagons and eventually traced by a stagecoach line and transcontinental railroad.

Mentone, TX

From 1858 to 1861 the Butterfield Overland Mail rolled across this ground, offering for the first time a combined passenger-and-mail link from the Atlantic to the Pacific. John Butterfield's company ran Concord coaches and wagons behind some 1,350 mules and horses, switching to hardier mules west of Fort Belknap to make his teams less tempting to raiders. A one-way journey of 2,700 miles took about twenty-five days and cost $200, with armed passengers and crew and stations spaced from twelve to over a hundred miles apart — this stretch marking a 113-mile run along the Pecos with no team change on the inaugural trip.

Greenville, TX

This early travel artery followed the northern boundary of the Charles F. Mercer colony, a vast 6,500-square-mile tract granted in 1844 by Republic of Texas President Sam Houston to draw settlers into the region. Ox-wagons hauled goods from Jefferson over the road to supply stores in Greenville, McKinney, Dallas, and Fort Worth. Down its ruts came a steady stream of covered wagons carrying settlers from the Old South.

Santa Anna, TX

Opened in the 1850s, this military road carried supply trains and cavalry along the chain of U.S. forts that guarded the Texas frontier, running from Fort Belknap on the Brazos down toward Fort Mason and Fort Clark near the Rio Grande. Notable soldiers traveled its route, among them Col. Robert E. Lee, who a decade later would command Confederate armies. The road knit together the far-flung outposts meant to shield settlers.

Dumas, TX

As ranchers and merchants settled the Texas Panhandle in the 1870s, they needed a reliable supply line to distant markets. Established in 1877, this trail carried cattle drives and freight wagons from Tascosa to Dodge City, Kansas, and doubled as a stagecoach and mail route. When the railroad arrived in 1887, both the trail and the once-thriving town of Tascosa fell into decline, and Tascosa eventually faded away.

Dumas, TX

Laid out in 1877, this road linked Tascosa on the Canadian River to the railhead at Dodge City, Kansas, carrying the stagecoaches, freight wagons, and cattle herds of the great Panhandle ranches across open free grass. Tascosa was a rough supply town of gamblers, desperadoes, U.S. marshals, and frontiersmen, briefly a county seat, until the railroad reached the region in 1887 and drained trail and town alike.

Bronte vicinity, TX

A mile southeast stood Fort Chadbourne, established in 1852, which from 1858 to 1861 served as a station on the Butterfield Overland Mail — the sprawling stage line that carried letters and passengers between St. Louis and San Francisco. For a few short years before the Civil War severed it, this remote West Texas outpost was a link in the first reliable overland connection binding the young nation's coasts.

Richardson, TX

Baptist minister Jacob Routh acquired a 440-acre survey here in 1851 and brought his mother and kin from Tennessee, helping organize a school, church, and store that grew into a community. When he set aside an acre as a family burial ground, a few early settlers already lay there, including a woman, a seven-year-old boy, and an unknown child. Of roughly two hundred graves, fewer than half are marked, the last burial coming in 1922.

Hedley vicinity, TX

This Panhandle burial ground grew alongside the ranching empire of Englishman Alfred Rowe, who—with help from cattleman Charles Goodnight—founded the RO Ranch in 1880 and amassed 100,000 acres within a decade. The nearby community that bore his name took shape along the Fort Worth and Denver City Railway, and Kentucky settler Isaac Smith set aside cemetery land in 1898 after four children of one family died. Even after the town moved and became Hedley, the cemetery grew to more than 1,500 graves, including 32 victims of the 1918–19 influenza epidemic.

Jefferson, TX

This ornately trimmed clapboard cottage in the old riverport town of Jefferson began life as a tavern before Dr. R. E. Rowell's family made it a home in 1856. Jefferson was then one of Texas's busiest inland ports, its boarding houses and taverns crowded with steamboat traffic on the Big Cypress Bayou. The house has stayed with the family and is remembered locally as the DeWare home.

Jefferson, TX

Built about 1862 by civic leader Q. Bateman, this Jefferson home dates to the era when the town was a thriving inland riverport in East Texas. A. H. Rowell bought the house in 1884, and it retained its original gaslight fixtures and other period relics into the twentieth century. It was designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1966.

Runnels County, TX

The town of Rowena grew up around the railroad: a Santa Fe section house called Rowena Station was established here in 1888, and Paul J. Baron formally laid out the townsite in 1897. When residents sought a post office, the name was first denied because it too closely resembled Ravenna in Fannin County. Like many West Texas communities, Rowena owed its birth to the rails that opened the region to settlement.

Plano, TX

Dr. Daniel Rowlett, a Kentuckian who was physician, lawyer, surveyor, and politician all at once, came to Texas in 1836 and laid claim to a large land grant along the creek that now bears his name. The Baptist congregation that gathered here in homes and open air by 1848 grew into the Rowlett Creek Baptist Church, and by the early 1860s the surrounding grounds became a cemetery—its earliest graves including a Confederate soldier on furlough. Believed to be the earliest Baptist church in Collin County, it seeded many congregations across North Texas.

Del Rio, TX

Kentucky-born Roy Bean was mining in New Mexico when the Civil War broke out, and he joined Confederate forces under Gen. John R. Baylor as a spy and scout, later hauling cotton and smuggled war goods as a Confederate freighter. Decades afterward he followed railroad crews to the Rio Grande, set up a tent saloon, and had himself made justice of the peace—'Law West of the Pecos'—dispensing famously eccentric verdicts from Langtry. His obsession with British actress Lily Langtry, whom he never met, and his 1896 riverbank prizefight cemented his frontier legend.

Elko, NV

This little building once stood some sixty miles to the south, where for about a year in 1860-61 it served as a station on the Pony Express, the famous relay of riders that raced mail across the West. When that service gave way to the transcontinental telegraph, the station's working life ended, and in 1960 the structure was moved here and preserved. It survives as a tangible relic of the brief, legendary experiment in overland mail.

Crockett, TX

A native Texan, Rudd Crawford Spinks came to Houston County in 1878 and built a wide-ranging life there. From a jewelry and music store in Crockett he branched into farming, freighting, cotton ginning, sawmilling, and land ownership, and he built several area homes and bred registered livestock. Father of six sons, he was also known for outspoken commentary on the government and politicians of his day.

Colorado City, TX

This West Texas park was deeded to Colorado City in 1929 in memory of pioneers W. P. and Sarah Ruddick, but the ground it sits on carried a longer, harder history. The nearby Colorado River saw an 1840 clash between Colonel John Henry Moore's men and a Comanche village, and the creek here still bears the name of the Kiowa chief Lone Wolf; by 1880 Texas Rangers of the Frontier Battalion were stationed here against raids. When the Texas & Pacific Railroad arrived in 1881, settlers like the Quaker Ruddick—who introduced registered Jersey and Hereford cattle and raised some of Mitchell County's first cotton—poured into the region.

Pine Springs, TX

Built in 1858 in the shadow of the Guadalupe Mountains, 'The Pinery' served as a station on the Butterfield Overland Mail route, the pioneering stagecoach line that carried mail and passengers between St. Louis and San Francisco. Its stone walls sheltered travelers and fresh mule teams for barely a year before the line was rerouted south through the Davis Mountains in 1859. The State of Texas erected this memorial to the ruins in 1936.

Coleman, TX

Camp Colorado was established by the U.S. Army to guard the Texas frontier against raids, moving to this site in 1856 before Federal troops abandoned it as the Civil War began in early 1861. In 1870 the land passed to Henry Sackett, who built his home on the old post grounds. From here in 1874 Sackett rode with Maltby's Rangers in pursuit of the Comanche bands of chiefs Big Foot and Jape.

Ozona, TX

The United States Army established Fort Lancaster in 1855 to guard travelers and mail carriers along the rugged overland road linking San Antonio to San Diego. Abandoned in 1861 as the Civil War drew troops away, it was briefly reoccupied in 1868 before falling into ruin. Its stone remnants mark the hard, isolated work of protecting one of the era's great transcontinental routes.

Fort Davis vicinity, TX

In 1854 the pioneer Manuel Musquiz built a ranch home in the rugged country near the Davis Mountains, only to abandon it under the pressure of raids. In the early 1880s the deserted buildings found new purpose as an intermittent Ranger station while the region was being pacified.

Donna, TX

Once part of the Cavazos family's mid-1800s Asadores Ranch, this stretch of the Rio Grande Valley was transformed at the turn of the 20th century when East Texas rice farmers and other newcomers organized irrigation companies and coaxed the railroad into the area. The tiny community of Run took its name from postmaster Ed Ruthven, whose store, a school, and his brother's irrigation pumps briefly anchored local life. A devastating flood in 1909 sent many residents drifting toward nearby Donna, and Run faded soon after.

El Reno, OK

At high noon on April 22, 1889, this line marked the western edge of the land opened in the first great Oklahoma Land Run. When the signal sounded, tens of thousands of homesteaders raced across the two-million-acre 'Old Oklahoma' tract to stake their claims. Within hours, open prairie gave way to instant tent cities and settled homesteads.

Runge, TX

Runge's bandstand, first raised before 1900 and rebuilt in 1924 by the Civic League and the "Rungetex" Brass Band, was the beating heart of small-town social life in this Karnes County community. Older residents recalled band concerts, ice cream socials, and Easter egg hunts staged in its shade. It was rededicated in 1970 by the local VFW auxiliary, keeping the gathering place alive across generations.

Santa Fe, TX

Henry J. Runge (1859–1922), the European-educated son of a German immigrant and a Galveston businessman, bought the land and laid out the town of Arcadia in 1890, setting aside this site as a park at the same time. The county commissioners later named it in his honor. The park hosted its first community-wide event, a dairy show, in 1938 — a tradition that continues — and grew to host the annual Galveston County Fair and Rodeo.

Runge, TX

Runge stands near where the old ox-cart road from San Antonio to Indianola crossed a spring-fed creek—the Ojo de Agua—long a camping and hunting ground for Karankawa, Tonkawa, Apache, and Comanche peoples. Anglo settlers arrived in the early 1850s at a place first called Sulphur Springs, and in 1886 the Cuero merchant firm of H. Runge and Company platted the townsite. The arrival of the San Antonio & Aransas Pass Railroad made Runge the largest town in Karnes County by 1890.

Ballinger, TX

Carved from Bexar and Travis counties, Runnels County was created in 1858 and formally organized in 1880. It honors Hiram G. Runnels, a lawyer, Mississippi governor, and later Texas legislator. Its first county seat was Runnels City, but that role passed to Ballinger in 1888.

Ballinger, TX

After Runnels County organized in 1880, its residents fought a heated contest with Runnels City before Ballinger—on land the Santa Fe Railroad had platted in 1886—won the county seat, and the courthouse rose here in 1888-89. It stands on one of the largest courthouse squares in Texas, a full two city blocks. A 1941 remodeling added two wings faced with stone from the same local quarry reopened along the Colorado River.

Plainview, TX

Drawn by the reliable water of Running Water Draw, the Morrison brothers founded a ranch here in 1881, and cattleman C.C. Slaughter later joined the operation that employed most of the area's early settlers. In 1890 Dennis Rice opened a post office in his dugout and set out to build a town, staging a Fourth of July barbecue in 1892 to sell lots; soon Running Water had a blacksmith, grist mill, store, churches, and school. But when the railroad bypassed it in 1928, the community faded — the post office moved to Edmondson in 1935, and by 1937 the settlement itself had taken that name.

Ridge, TX

Drawn by rich soil and reliable water, pioneers settled western Mills County in the 1870s and 1880s, founding the communities of Regency, Ebony, and Ridge, each with churches, schools, and a post office. During World War II the U.S. government bought regional land to create Camp Bowie, and many residents who left never returned. Today only faint traces of these once-thriving towns remain.

Kerens, TX

By 1850 families had gathered near the Wildcat Ferry on the Trinity River, and a gravel road from Corsicana soon ran through the settlement that became Rural Shade. A post office arrived in 1858, a school district in 1867, and by the century's turn the community of log-cabin farmers had grown to include fine homes, churches, and hundreds of schoolchildren. Rural Shade thrived until World War II drew its young people to the cities, after which its old school became a community center kept alive by yearly reunions.

Cleveland, TX

At least fourteen charter members founded this church in the Tarkington's Prairie community around 1870, and in 1878 raised a two-story building that shared its purpose: a Baptist congregation below and a Masonic lodge above, with many members belonging to both. Early pastors, elected from the congregation, preached once or twice a month, often on Saturdays, and hosted the revivals then known as "meeting of days." The church long held the nearby Ryan Cemetery, deeded to it in 1908, until passing it to a cemetery association in 1989.

Decatur, TX

Named for the stream that once ran through it, the Rush Creek community had a school, two churches, and this cemetery, whose oldest recorded grave is that of infant Harry Houston, who died in 1875. Of its 110 graves, nearly half hold children who died before the age of twenty — a sobering measure of frontier life — and among the adults rest veterans of the Civil War and World War I. The community faded away in the 1930s as land erosion drove families off, but descendants still tend the cemetery today.

Bedford, PA · est. 1951

Built in 1816 by James Russell, the first burgess (chief elected official) of the newly organized borough of Bedford, this house survives as a handsome example of the Georgian architectural style that lingered into the early republic. Bedford had grown from a rough frontier outpost on the road west into a settled county seat, and homes like this reflected the ambitions of the men who organized its civic life.

Coryell County, TX

When the U.S. Army abandoned Fort Gates in 1853, its soldiers and neighboring families spread out into small settlements for mutual protection, and one became Ruth. Along the Gatesville-to-Killeen road it gathered a cotton gin, stores, a blacksmith, a post office, and a one-room schoolhouse that doubled as a church for four denominations. Today the community is gone, swallowed by the Fort Hood live-fire area, and its cemetery—open to the public just once a year—is all that remains.

Cleveland, TX

Also called Ryan's Graveyard, this burial ground has served the ranching and farming community of Tarkington Prairie since at least the 1860s, its earliest marked grave belonging to a ten-year-old boy in 1863. It takes its name from Irish immigrant John Jacob Ryan, a prosperous storekeeper found shot dead on the nearby road in 1873 in a murder whose accused killers were acquitted. Veterans reaching back to the Texas Revolution and the Civil War, early Baptist church members, and Masonic lodge founders all rest here, drawing descendants to an annual memorial service.

Diboll vicinity, TX

Ryan Chapel grew from an 1866 Methodist revival held by newcomer Rev. Isaac Ryan in his own home; his brother John was among the 19 charter members. L. H. D. and Sallie Guinn donated 7.5 acres for a church and cemetery, and the first 16-by-20-foot sanctuary had rough puncheon seats and floor. Its first pastor, Rev. Henry Wright, was paid in bacon, corn, and syrup.

Albany, TX

This 1874 structure began as an office building at Fort Griffin and was moved to Albany in 1879 by owner Edgar Rye — a newspaper publisher, cartoonist, and office-holder of the rough frontier era. Anna F. Caperton bought it in 1896 and remodeled it into a home in the early 1900s. Later divided into apartments, it was restored as a single-family dwelling in the 1990s.

Dallas, TX

In 1878 John Armstrong Rylie gave this land in southeast Dallas County for a settlers' school, and it began serving as a cemetery a decade later with a burial in 1889. Over the years more than 400 people were laid to rest here, among them the earliest families of the Rylie Prairie community and their descendants, including at least one Civil War veteran. A local association formed in 1962 to care for the grounds, keeping the pioneers' memory tended.

Dallas, TX

Named for James and Mary Rylie, who came from Illinois to Texas around 1846, Rylie Prairie flourished as a farming community in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. A post office opened in 1883, streets were platted near the Texas Trunk Railroad, and at its height the town held homes, churches, a school, a cotton gin, grist mill, and general stores. It faded in the 1930s and 1940s as rail service ended and families moved toward Dallas and the new highways.

Graham, TX

In 1879, after fire destroyed his frame store, druggist Joseph E. Ryus rebuilt on the same Graham lot in locally fired brick — a statement of permanence in a young frontier county seat. The room above his drugstore became Judge Andrew P. McCormick's first federal district courtroom that same year, before the court decamped for Abilene. Since 1892 the Knights of Pythias have kept their lodge hall on the upper floor, giving the building an unbroken civic life for over a century.

Eagle Pass, TX

Samuel Pruit Simpson, Jr. came to the border town of Eagle Pass from Lexington, Kentucky, as a boy in 1883 and grew into a pioneer banker, joining the city's first bank founded by his father. In 1908–09 he built this fine home on Ceylon Street, designed by San Antonio architect Henry Phelps, among the first of its kind in the growing town. A civic leader and church vestryman, Simpson helped shape the commercial life of the frontier community.

Matagorda, TX

A Pennsylvania-born Quaker, S. Rhoads Fisher came to Texas in 1830 and set up a mercantile house and shipping business at Matagorda. Chosen as a Matagorda delegate to the 1836 convention, he signed the Texas Declaration of Independence and became the young Republic's secretary of the navy under President Sam Houston. When Mexican ships blockaded the coast in 1837, Fisher himself put to sea with the Texas Navy to draw the enemy away from Galveston, Matagorda, and Velasco before resigning late that year; he died in Matagorda in 1839, and a county was named in his honor in 1876.

Clarendon, TX

Built in 1904 by local merchants, this Panhandle house passed through the hands of ranchers and cattlemen before Sam W. Lowe—a college educator, merchant, stock farmer, and three-term county judge—bought it in 1926. His widow Lilac lived there until 1981, more than fifty years after they moved in.

Decatur, TX

S. W. Tilghman (1846–1913) came to Wise County by wagon train from Tennessee in 1870, married a Decatur native two years later, and raised a family here. A master builder, he raised this Victorian house for himself in 1882 and, with his son Robert, went on to construct many of Decatur's finest homes of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The residence has stayed in the builder's family ever since.

Brownsville, TX

This small cemetery began in 1878 with the burial of rancher and businessman Sabas Cavazos, and it lies within a portion of the vast Espiritu Santo grant that the King of Spain conveyed to José Salvador de la Garza in 1781. Cavazos, born in 1809 in Camargo, was a great-grandson of the original grantee, and the grant itself encompassed a quarter-million acres including the future sites of Fort Brown and Brownsville. The de la Garza family founded the region's first settlements, several established by the matriarch Doña Estefana.