Jesse Chisholm
Arlington, Tarrant County, Texas
Marker Inscription
Founder of World-Famous Cattle Trail Jesse Chisholm (1805-1868) Represented the Republic of Texas and President Sam Houston in many negotiations with Indians. Half Scotsman, half Cherokee, a scout, hunter, trader and trailblazer. Spoke 40 Indian languages and dialects and was a respected influence among southwestern tribes, including the wild Kiowas and Comanches. In 1843, near here at Bird's Fort on the Trinity, was interpreter for a peace conference; in 1849 was in negotiations at Grapevine Springs, to the north. He is best known for marking the Chisholm Trail across Oklahoma and Kansas. Cowboys driving cattle north to seek favorable markets used his direct route which avoided deep rivers and lay in grassy, watered land. He thus helped rebuild Texas economy that had been wrecked in 1861-1865 by Civil War. Cattle had increased greatly in wartime. Texas had no market; drives were necessary so $5 longhorns could go to northern markets to bring $30 or more per head. In 1867 the Chisholm Trail was extended to Abilene, Kansas, where cattle loading pens and railroad shipping cars were provided. This was the best known of several cattle trails from Texas over which some 10,000,000 beeves were driven from the state during the years 1866-1884. Incised in base: Erected in commemoration of Chisholm Trail Centennial, 1967
Erected by Texas Historical Commission
The Story
Jesse Chisholm, born of a Scottish father and Cherokee mother, was a scout, trader, and interpreter fluent in dozens of Indian languages who negotiated for the Republic of Texas and Sam Houston, including a peace conference near here at Bird's Fort in 1843. He is remembered for the wagon route he marked across Oklahoma and Kansas, which cowboys adopted to drive Texas longhorns north to railheads. After the Civil War wrecked the state's economy, those drives sent five-dollar cattle to thirty-dollar markets, and the Chisholm Trail became the most famous of the great cattle roads.
Why it matters
The Chisholm Trail helped rebuild a war-ruined Texas and drove the cattle-kingdom era that gave America its enduring image of the cowboy, all pioneered by a man of both Cherokee and European heritage.
Own a business near here? Add it to the map.
Related people
- · Jesse Chisholm
- · Sam Houston
Related events
- · Chisholm Trail cattle drives
- · Bird's Fort peace conference
Themes & tags
Nearby & related markers
City of Arlington
Arlington, TX
Arlington grew up where the Blackland Prairie meets the Eastern Cross Timbers, on land once dotted with Native American villages along Village Creek. The 1841 Battle of Village Creek and the 1843 Bird's Fort Treaty — signed by the Republic of Texas with the Delaware, Caddo, Waco, Cherokee, and many other tribes — opened the area to settlement, and in 1876 a townsite and Texas and Pacific rail stop was surveyed and named for Robert E. Lee's Virginia home. From a cotton-shipping town it grew into an amusement destination and, wedged between Fort Worth and Dallas, into one of the anchors of a vast modern metroplex, home to UT Arlington, Six Flags, and the Texas Rangers.
Site of Bird's Fort
Arlington, TX
In 1841 Gen. Edward H. Tarrant authorized Jonathan Bird to plant a fort and settlement near a crescent lake—the first Anglo-American colonizing attempt in present Tarrant County. Hunger and conflict scattered the Red River settlers, and in 1843 the disbanded Snively expedition, disarmed by U.S. troops, drifted through the abandoned post. That September, Republic officials and leaders of nine Native nations signed the Bird's Fort Treaty here, drawing a line between Indian lands and colonization.
Sloan-Journey Expedition of 1838
Arlington, TX
In the spring of 1838, Captains Robert Sloan and Nathaniel T. Journey led some ninety northeast Texas frontiersmen on a punitive raid against Indians who had struck their homes in present-day Fannin County. The trail carried them into what is now Tarrant County, where they attacked a small Native village. The episode was among the earliest recorded Anglo-American incursions into north Texas, part of the violent process that opened the region to white settlement.
Site of Bird's Fort
Arlington, TX
In 1840 Jonathan Bird raised a fort along the Military Road linking the Red River to Austin, part of the young Republic of Texas's effort to hold and settle its northern frontier. Nearby in 1843, Republic commissioners signed a major treaty setting a boundary line between Indian nations and white settlements, and the battered survivors of the failed Snively Expedition sought shelter here. The spot sat at the crossroads of diplomacy, migration, and conflict on the Texas prairie.