Education in Livingston
Livingston, Polk County, Texas
Marker Inscription
Education has been integral to life in Livingston since the town's inception in the 1840s. Moses Choate's 100-acre donation for the townsite included land for a school. Trinity Masonic Lodge No. 14, A.F. & A.M. financed a free academy that began in 1849 and operated for 31 years. Classes were held on the first floor of the Masonic lodge, located on the southwest corner of what is now Old City Cemetery. In 1888, the Livingston Free School Corporation built a frame schoolhouse on Jackson Avenue, dedicated as Livingston Graded School. Trustees added ninth and tenth grades in 1906 under principal J.F. Stevens, creating Livingston High School. Classes were on the second floor, and the first graduating class in 1908 had three students. That summer, the schools offered an institute for African American teachers; the first African American school was on West Street. A 1910 bond issue paid for a two-story brick building on Jackson Avenue designed by the noted architectural firm of C.H. Page & Son of Austin. The district divided the previous schoolhouse into a new African American school and a residence. Trustees added an eleventh grade to Livingston High School in 1913, allowing graduates to meet college entrance requirements. In the 1930s, the district built Dunbar High School for African Americans and a new Livingston High School for Anglo students. This campus later expanded with a football field, auditorium and an additional classroom building. Trustees added a twelfth grade in 1941. A Freedom of Choice program began the integration process in 1965, and three years later all students attended classes together. The high school moved to new facilities in 1977. In 2006, the centennial year for Livingston High, the graduating class had nearly 300 students. (2007)
Erected by Texas Historical Commission
The Story
Education took root in Livingston from the town's 1840s founding, when Moses Choate's land donation included a site for a school and the Masonic lodge financed a free academy in 1849. A graded school followed in 1888, growing into Livingston High School, whose first class graduated in 1908. The story also traces the town's separate Black schools—including Dunbar High—through the Freedom of Choice program that began integration in 1965 and full unification by 1968.
Why it matters
Livingston's schools chart the long American passage from frontier academy through racial segregation to integration in a single East Texas community.
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Related people
- · Moses Choate
- · J.F. Stevens
Themes & tags
Nearby & related markers
Dunbar High School
Livingston, TX
Formal education for Livingston's African American children began in a West Street building in the late 1800s, in a segregated system so under-resourced that a former white schoolhouse was once rolled across town on logs by mule teams to serve Black students. In 1936 the community opened Dunbar High School—named for poet Paul Laurence Dunbar—the largest African American school in Polk County, with twelve grades and vocational training. Its Leopards won state football titles in 1953, 1954, and 1958, until the Freedom of Choice integration program led to Dunbar's closing in 1968; residents later saved the campus for continued public use.
Site of Henry T. Scott School
Woodville, TX
Woodville's African American families long educated their children in churches and Masonic halls until educator Henry T. Scott, a Prairie View graduate, arrived as a teacher in 1910 and led the drive for a proper public school. The six-room school named for him opened on Elm Street in 1934, and under principal John K. Canada it grew from fewer than 100 students to more than 500, prompting a new campus in 1961. The school closed in the late 1960s with integration, and its main building burned in 1980, but an alumni association keeps its memory alive.
George Washington Grant and Grant's Colony
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An Alabama native who came to Texas in 1831, George Washington Grant built a sprawling enterprise of stagecoaches, sawmills, and nearly 10,000 acres around Huntsville, and helped found Sam Houston Normal Institute and served as sheriff and county judge during Reconstruction. Though he had held people in slavery before the war, after Emancipation he sold and donated land to freedmen and, with the Quakers and the Freedmen's Bureau, created the community he called Harmony Settlement—better known as Grant's Colony—complete with farmhouses, a cotton gin, and a school open to children of any race.
Nigton Community
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After emancipation, African Americans in northeastern Trinity County founded the freedom colony of Nigton, where families worked as laborers, sharecroppers, and increasingly as landowners. By the 1880s the community thrived with well-kept farms, fine livestock, churches, lodges, and shops, and it prized education, winning a Rosenwald grant for a school and drawing dedicated teachers who taught for decades. Barred from white celebrations, residents built their own, including Juneteenth barbecues each June.