HistoricSiteMarkers
Progressive & Modern Era

Civilian Public Service

Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania

Marker Inscription

During World War II, some 12,000 men who were classified as conscientious objectors to war -- about fifteen percent of them from Pennsylvania -- served in non-military occupations across the United States. Under the leadership of Mennonite, Quaker, and Church of the Brethren agencies, they were engaged in mental health care and medical experiments, in forestry and on dairy farms, and in other important civic projects.

Erected by Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission

The Story

During World War II, roughly 12,000 men who refused to bear arms on grounds of conscience served their country in a different way through the Civilian Public Service program. About one in seven came from Pennsylvania, drawing on the state's deep Quaker, Mennonite, and Church of the Brethren traditions of pacifism. Rather than fight, they staffed mental hospitals, volunteered for medical experiments, fought fires, and labored on farms and in forests.

Why it matters

Civilian Public Service tested how a democracy at total war honors freedom of conscience, and its workers helped spark lasting reforms in American mental-health care.

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